第1个回答 2022-08-06
及物动词根据宾语的不同,可分三类:
单宾动词T,双宾动词D和复宾动词.
复宾动词根据宾补又可分为V与X两类,
V有2,3,4,8 四种,分别对应为have sb.do sth,ask sb.to do sth,see sb.doing sth.和see sth.done.
这一类,宾语和补语之间有逻辑上的主谓动作关系.补语分别为无to不定式、有to不定式,现在分词和过去分词.
X有1,7,9,分别对应为 X1:call sb.Lao Li,X7:make our country beautiful,和X9:find him in (/ at home)
这一类,宾语和补语之间有逻辑上的主表关系.补语分别为名词或代词、形容词、副词或介词短语.
这是longman词典对动词的分类记法.我查了一下,prove有x(to be)1,7 这种用法.如:They proved him to be the guilty man.On the long journey he proved himself to be an amusing companion.这两个都是X(to be) 1的例子.尽管没有X(to be) 7的例句,但我想它指出了,就应有这种用的.是的,这个to be可要可不要.不管有没有,这个补语与宾语在逻辑上都有主表关系:The earth is round.(round为形容词)
双宾动词和复宾动词
某些及物动词后面能跟双宾语(即:间接宾语+直接宾语)或复合宾语(即:宾语+宾语补足语),这两种宾语的形式虽然相似,但结构与意义却不同.那么如何区分双宾语和复合宾语呢?
(1)从动词上区分.
一些动词后面常跟双宾语,这类动词有give,show,bring,read,pass,lend,tell,leave,teach,write,buy,sing等.例如:
The teacher gives each of them an eraser.老师给他们每人一块橡皮.
They teach us Chinese and we teach them English.他们教我们汉语,我们教他们英语.
The old man told us a story yesterday.那位老人昨天给我们讲了一个故事.
一些动词后面常跟复合宾语,这类动词有let,see,watch,hear,help,feel,keep,call,make,find,tell,ask,think,want等.例如:
We must keep the classroom clean.我们必须保持教室清洁.
He didn’t let me go.他不让我走.
They call the bird“Polly”.他们叫这鸟“波利”.
(2)从充当这两个成分的词的词性上来区分.
在双宾语中,能充当间接宾语或是直接宾语的一般是名词或代词.而在复合宾语中,能充当宾语补足语成分的则较多,如名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)和分词(短语).例如:
She showed us(pron.)a new TV set(n.).(双宾语)
He gave Tom(n.) a piece of paper(n.).(双宾语)
We call him Lao Li(n.).(复合宾语)
Don’t keep the light on(adv.).(复合宾语)
They must keep their hands behind their backs(介词短语).(复合宾语)
I won’t let you try again(不定式短语).(复合宾语)
The other students in the class keep their eyes closed(过去分词).(复合宾语)
(3)从构成宾语的间接宾语和直接宾语之间与构成复合宾语的宾语和宾语补足语之间的关系上区分.
在双宾语中,两个宾语间的关系比较松散,有的句子去掉其中一个宾语,句子仍然成立.双宾语一般表示“为谁(forsb.)或给谁(to sb.)……”,即“及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”的结构可以改写为“及物动词+直接宾语+for sb.或to sb.”的结构.例如:
Please show me your new book.→Please show yournew book to me.请给我看看你的新书.
She bought me some tomatoes.→She bought sometomatoes for me.她给我买了一些西红柿.
宾语和宾语补足语之间关系比较紧密,去掉其中一个成分,句子就不能成立或句意不完整.而且当名词、形容词、副词、介词短语作宾语补足语时,和宾语之间具有“主系表关系”;当不定式(短语)或分词(短语)作宾语补足语时,和宾语之间具有“主谓关系”.例如:
We made Tom monitor.(Tom is monitor.)
We will make our country more beautiful.(Our countrywill be more beautiful.)
You should keep your dog in.(Your dog should be in.)
I found him in Room 201.(He was in Room 201.)
He makes us work ten hours a day.(We work ten hoursa day.)
we heard her singing in the room.(She was singing inthe room.)