第1个回答 2011-12-12
过去分词（被动语态）及分词的完成式（被动语态）
A 形式
规则动词的过去分词由不定式加ed或d构成：
worked loved
B 用法
1 用做形容词：
stolen money偷来的钱
a written report 一份书面报告
fallen trees 倒了的树木
broken glass 碎玻璃
tired drivers 筋疲力尽的司机
blocked roads堵塞了的马路
2 用来构成完成时态、不定式的完成式、分词的完成式以及被动语态：
he has seen
to have loved
it was broken
3 正如现在分词可以用来代替主语+ 主动态动词结构一样，过去分词可以代替主语+ 被动态动词结构：
She enters．She is accompanied by her mother．相当于：
She enters，accompanied by her mother．
她由母亲陪着走了进来。
He was aroused by the crash and leapt to his feet．相当于：
Aroused by the crash，he leapt to his feet．
他被撞击声惊醒，一跃而起。
The bridge had been weakened by successive storms and was no longersafe．相当于：
Weakened by successive storms，the bridge was no longer safe．
Having been weakened…
这座桥遭到接二连三的暴风雨的破坏，已经不安全了。（请看下面）
As he was convinced that they were trying to poison him， he refused toeat anything．相当于：
Convinced that they were trying to poison him，he refused to eat any-thing．
因确信他们正企图毒死他，他拒绝进食。
C 当有必要强调分词表示的动作发生在其后一个动词表示的动作之前时，应当用分词的被动完成式（having been+ 过去分词）：
Having been warned about the bandits，he left his valuables at home．
听到关于强盗出没的警告，他把贵重物品都留在家里了。
Having been bitten twice，the postman refused to deliver our letters unlesswe chained our dog up．
邮递员被狗咬了两次之后要我们把狗拴起来，不然就不给我们送信了。
动词不定式的完成式：
A 形式
to have+过去分词：
to have worked
to have spoken
B 与助动词连用
1与 was／were连用表示未完成的计划或安排
The house was to have been ready today．
这座房子本应该今天竣工。（但现在还没有）
2与 should， would， might和 could一起构成条件完成时
If I had seen her I should have invited her．
我当时要是看到她的话我本会邀请她的。
3与should或ought连用表示没有履行的义务，或用于否定式表示错误的或愚蠢的行为
He should have helped her．
他本应该帮助她。（但他没有这样做）
I shouldn’t／oughtn’t to have lied to him．
我本不应该对他说谎话。（但我说了）
4与 should／would like连用表示未实现的愿望
He would like to have seen it．
他本想看看它。（但没能看到）
这句也可写成：
He would have liked to see it．
即可以把句子中两个动词的任一个变成不定式的完成式，而不改变句子的意思。
5 与could连用，表示过去没有利用的能力或过去的可能性：
I could have made a lot of money．
我本来能够赚到许多钱。（但我没能赚到。）
He could／might have phoned her．
他可能给她打过电话。（也许他打过电话。）
6 与might／could连用表示说话人对于未办到某事感到不快或愤怒：
He might／could have told me！
他本应告诉我！
I am annoyed that he didn’t tell me．
他没告诉我，我很不高兴。
7 与may／might连用，表示推想发生在过去的动作：
He may／might have left．相当于：
It is possible that he（has） left．
他可能已经走了。
You might／could have been killed！
（那时）你可能会送了命的！
8 与can’t／couldn’t连用表示否定的推论：
He can’t／couldn’t have moved the piano himself．
这台钢琴不可能是他自己搬的。
We knew he couldn’t have paid for it，because he had no money．
我们知道不可能是他付了这笔钱，因为他没钱。
9 与must连用表示肯定的推断：
He must have come this way； here are his footprints．
他一定是走这条路来的；这里还有他的脚印呢。
10 与needn’t连用表示过去不必要的行为：
You needn’t have hurried． Now we are too early．
你本不必那么着急。现在我们到得太早了。
You needn’t have cooked it． We could have eaten it raw．
你本来不必把它烧熟。我们本可以吃生的。
C 与某些别的动词连用
1 与appear，happen，pretend，seem连用
注意这里的不定式的一般式与完成式之间的差别：不定式的一般式：
He seems to be a great athlete．
他看来是一名优秀的运动员。相当于：
It seems that he is…
我们的印象是他是……
He seemed to be a great athlete．
那时他看起来像一名优秀的运动员。相当于：
It seemed that he was…
那时我们的印象是他是一名……
不定式的完成式：
He seems to have been…
他看来曾经是…相当于：
It seems that he was…
我们的印象是他曾经是……
He seemed to have been…
那时看来他曾经是……相当于：
It seemed that he had been…
那时我们的印象是他曾经是……
这就是说，不定式的完成式表示的动作是一个更早的动作，它发生在主要动词所表示的动作之前。
其他例子如：
I happened to have driven that kind of car before．相当于：
It happened that I had driven that kind of car before．
碰巧我过去曾开过那种汽车。
He pretended to have read the book．相当于：
He pretended that he had read it．
他假装曾经读过那本书。
2 与下列动词的被动式连用： acknowledge， believe， consider，find，know，report，say， suppose，think， understand：
He is understood to have left the country．
据了解他已经离开了这个国家。
3 不定式的完成式可与claim，expect，hope，promise连用，但不那么常见：
He expects/hopes to have finished by June．相当于：
He expects/hopes that he will have finished by June．
他预期／希望到 6月份能完成。