Bench Series of BioSafe† Centrifuge Systems
Part No. Description
369704 SX4750A ARIES™ Smart Balance Rotor (with cover P/N 392805)
369702 SX4750 (with cover P/N 392805)
392806 Microplate Carriers for SX4750 Rotor (with cover P/N 393070)
369735 FX6100
368308 TS-5.1-500 (with cover P/N 368472)
368298 TA-15-1.5
361171 F2402H
363000 H6002
365630 F241.5
368894 F301.5
368898 F40.25
Labware - Tube and Bucket Covers
Part No. Description
392805 Covers for 750 mL Round Buckets (set of 2) (for SX4750 and SX4750A Swinging Bucket Rotors)
393070 Covers for SX4750µ Microplate Carriers (set of 2) (Compatible with SX4750)
368472 Covers for 500 mL Round Buckets (set of 2) (TS-5.1-500 Rotor)
359481 Aerosolve™ Cannisters (set of 2) (for SX4750 and SX4750A Rotors)
Decontamination Guidelines
Normal centrifuge operation may involve the use of samples and materials that are infectious or pathogenic. Such biohazardous samples may contain fungi, bacteria, virus, or prions, and should not be used in a centrifuge until all necessary safety precautions are taken. It is very important to observe the laboratory safety practices as published by your Laboratory Safety Officer, and/or consult the World Health Organizations Laboratory Biosafety Manual or other appropriate sources. It is sometimes necessary to decontaminate centrifuge system components due to a spill or to comply with general laboratory procedures. Decontamination protocols vary greatly depending on the pathogen type needed to be sterilized, and these must be matched to the chemical and/or heat resistance of the materials used in centrifuges, rotors, and labware. Refer to the individual centrifuge and rotor user manuals and publication IN-175, Chemical Resistances for Beckman Coulter Centrifuge Products (PDF Format), for more information about decontamination procedures.
† BioSafe is a term intended to describe the enhanced Biosafety features of our products.
†† Validation was done at CAMR, Porton Down, UK, or USAMRIID, Ft. Detrick, MD, USA.
Beckman Coulter centrifuges are for research and development use only. They have not been designed for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.
Additional Information:
BioSafe Centrifuge Systems
Optima™ Series of Enhanced BioSafe Centrifuge Systems
Avanti® J Series of BioSafe Centrifuge Systems
BioSafe Centrifuge Systems - HEPA Filters
DS-9875A: Bench Series of BioSafe Centrifuge Systems Datasheet (PDF Format)
A centrifuge is a piece of equipment, generally driven by a motor, that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis, applying a force perpendicular to the axis. The centrifuge works using the sedimentation principle, where the centripetal acceleration is used to evenly distribute substances (usually present in a solution for small scale applications) of greater and lesser density. There are many different kinds of centrifuges, including those for very specialized purposes. It can be used for viable counts, when shaking the culture e.g. yeast, out of suspension.
Contents [hide]
1 Theory
2 History and predecessors
3 Types
4 Uses
4.1 Isolating suspensions
4.2 Isotope separation
4.3 Aeronautics and astronautics
4.4 Earthquake and blast simulation
4.5 Commercial applications
5 Calculating relative centrifugal force (RCF)
6 References and notes
7 Further reading
8 See also
9 External links
[edit] Theory
Protocols for centrifugation typically specify the amount of acceleration to be applied to the sample, rather than specifying a rotational speed such as revolutions per minute. The acceleration is often quoted in multiples of g, the standard acceleration due to gravity at the Earth's surface. This distinction is important because two rotors with different diameters running at the same rotational speed will subject samples to different accelerations.
The acceleration can be calculated as the product of the radius and the square of the angular velocity.
[edit] History and predecessors
A 19th century hand cranked laboratory centrifuge.English military engineer Benjamin Robins (1707-1751) invented a whirling arm apparatus to determine drag. In 1864, Antonin Prandtl invented the first dairy centrifuge in order to separate cream from milk. In 1879, Gustaf de Laval demonstrated the first continuous centrifugal separator, making its commercial application feasible.
[edit] Types
There are at least five types of centrifuge:
preparative centrifuge
analytical centrifuge
angle fixed centrifuge
swing head centrifuge
haemacrotic centrifuge]]
Industrial centrifuges may otherwise be classified according to the type of separation of the high density fraction from the low density one :
Screen centrifuges, where the centrifugal acceleration allows the liquid to pass through a screen of some sort, through which the solids cannot go (due to granulometry larger than the screen gap or due to agglomeration). Common types are :
Pusher centrifuges
Peeler centrifuges
Decanter centrifuges, in which there is no physical separation between the solid and liquid phase, rather an accelerated settling due to centrifugal acceleration. Common types are :
Solid bowl centrifuges
Conical plate centrifuges
[edit] Uses
[edit] Isolating suspensions
Main article: Laboratory centrifuge
Simple centrifuges are used in chemistry, biology, and biochemistry for isolating and separating suspensions. They vary widely in speed and capacity. They usually comprise a rotor containing two, four, six, or many more numbered wells within which the samples containing centrifuge tips may be placed.
[edit] Isotope separation
Other centrifuges, the first being the Zippe-type centrifuge, separate isotopes, and these kinds of centrifuges are in use in nuclear power and nuclear weapon programs.
Gas centrifuges are used in uranium enrichment. The heavier isotope of uranium (uranium-238) in the uranium hexafluoride gas tend to concentrate at the walls of the centrifuge as it spins, while the desired uranium-235 isotope is extracted and concentrated with a scoop selectively placed inside the centrifuge. It takes many thousands of centrifuges to enrich uranium enough for use in a nuclear reactor (around 3.5% enrichment), and many thousands more to enrich it to weapons-grade (around 90% enrichment) for use in nuclear weapons.
The 20 G centrifuge at the NASA Ames Research Center
[edit] Aeronautics and astronautics
Main article: high-G training
Human centrifuges are exceptionally large centrifuges that test the reactions and tolerance of pilots and astronauts to acceleration above those experienced in the Earth's gravity.
The US Air Force at Holloman Air Force Base, NM operates a human centrifuge. The centrifuge at Holloman AFB is operated by the aerospace physiology department for the purpose of training and evaluating prospective fighter pilots for high-g flight in Air Force fighter aircraft. It is important to note that the centrifuge at Holloman AFB is unrealistic in that it is far more difficult for a pilot to tolerate the high-g environment in the centrifuge than in a real fighter aircraft. This well-known fact is based on countless accounts from experienced operational fighter pilots.[citation needed]
The use of large centrifuges to simulate a feeling of gravity has been proposed for future long-duration space missions. Exposure to this simulated gravity would prevent or reduce the bone decalcification and muscle atrophy that affect individuals exposed to long periods of freefall. An example of this can be seen in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey, while the James Bond film Moonraker shows an astronaut-training centrifuge in action on earth (albeit sabotaged with murderous intent).
[edit] Earthquake and blast simulation
The geotechnical centrifuge is used for simulating blasts and earthquake phenomena.[1] For a discussion of their design, see Geotechnical Centrifuges by Philip Turner.
[edit] Commercial applications
Standalone centrifuges for drying (hand-washed) clothes - usually with a water outlet.
Centrifuges are used in the attraction Mission: SPACE, located at Epcot in Walt Disney World, which propels riders using a combination of a centrifuge and a motion simulator to simulate the feeling of going into space.
In soil mechanics, centrifuges utilize centrifugal acceleration to match soil stresses in a scale model to those found in reality.
Large industrial centrifuges are commonly used in water and wastewater treatment to dry sludges. The resulting dry product is often termed cake, and the water leaving a centrifuge after most of the solids have been removed is called centrate.
Large industrial centrifuges are also used in the oil industry to remove solids from the drilling fluid.
Disc-stack centrifuges used by some companies in Oil Sands industry to separate small amounts of water and solids from bitumen before it's sent to Upgrading.
[edit] Calculating relative centrifugal force (RCF)
Relative centrifugal force is the measurement of the force applied to a sample within a centrifuge. This can be calculated from the speed (RPM) and the rotational radius (cm) using the following calculation.
where
g = Relative centrifuge force
r = rotational radius (centimetres, cm)
N = rotating speed (revolutions per minute, r/min)
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