初三英语……帮忙讲讲现代完成时的语法、运用

Question

拜托啦~~讲得好的话加分哦，如果我月考考好了，绝对是谢谢八辈祖宗啊~~~同学们同志们拜托了！！
我初三，成绩还不错，愿意一起交流学习的加百度Hi哦，欢迎你！！（注明，交流学习）
我不知道怎么说呢……饿……要一些标志性单词哦

Answer 1

1. 现在完成时不与单纯表过去的时间状语连用。它默认的时间就是now. 它强调现在的状态。说明一件事情是否已经完成这种状态。而过去时态强调过去的动作。着重强调一个动作发生的时间、地点、方式、程度等。
2. 因此当有一个表示过去某时的状语(包括when)时, 不能用现在完成时,而多用一般过去时.
I saw her a minute ago. Just now Xiao Lin cam to see you. When did you get to know it?
3. 当有一个表示到现在为止的这段时间的状语时,多用现在完成时:
Up still now we have planted over 24,000 fruit trees. He has learnt a lot since he came here.
4. 在用already, yet, just, as yet, ever, never, before, up still now, so far, in the past …years这类副词作状语时,常可用现在完成时.
This is the 2nd game. They’ve already won a game.
Have you got it ready yet? ---Not, yet.
I’ve just received a money order. Have you ever seen each other before?
He has never been abroad. I have never seen such an interesting film before.
He has planted 500 trees so far. China has changed a lot in the past 20 years.
(但ever, never也可用于一般过去时.
Did you ever hear such a thing? I never met such a boy.)
5. 在单纯谈一个过去的动作,不涉及它对现在的影响时,通常用一般过去时,如果谈一件已经发生的事,不考虑它是什么时候发生的,而主要考虑对现在的影响,则多用现在完成时.
区别: Did you get up early? (着眼动作本身) Has he got up ? (着眼现在的情况)
What did you have for lunch? Have you had lunch?
I got the news from Xiao Liu. I’ve got the news from him.
I learned a lot there. I’ve learned a lot from you.
What did you say about it? What have I said to make you so angry?
6. 由since引导的时间状语从句中的谓语动词一般用过去时,而主句的谓语动词一般用现在完成时. It has rained a great deal since you left.
We haven’t seen each other again since we parted in 1959.
但在表时间长度时可用一般现在时: 如: It’s (= It has been) over forty years since I left the city.
How long is it (= has it been) since you arrived? The TV set is OK since I fixed it.
It seems a long time since I was here.(自从我上次来过之后,好象有很长时间了.)
8. 某些动词的现在完成时可表示一直继续到现在的状态:
How have you been ? (你近来怎样?)
The meeting has lasted five days. We’ve know each other since we were children.
特别是动词be是常这样用的: He’s been back for three days. We’ve been up for two hours. She has been a teacher for ten years. He has been in college for a year.
9. 现在完成时中的非延续性动词问题。
come, go, arrive, leave, lose, begin, die, join等所表示的动作是瞬间性即失的，不能持续的。因此不能与for, since, how long, until等表示一段时间的时间状语连用。如：“我起来两个小时了。”的两种译文：I have got up for two hours. (误) I have been up for two hours. (正)
She has become a teacher for ten years. (误) She has been a teacher for ten years. (正)
He has bought the pen for 2 years. (误) He has had the pen for 2 years. (正)
His grandfather has died for ten years (误) His grandfather has been dead for ten years. (正)
(但：千万不能误认为非延续性动词不能用在完成时里，把“He has sold that machine out.”判为错句。非延续性动词在现在完成时里表示“过去的动作对现在的影响”是完全可以的，如前句。但非延续性动词的否定形式是可以同表示一段时间的时间状语连用的。如：I haven’t seen Mike for two years.) 因此在这类句子中，多以下列方式把非延续动词改变为延续性动词。
have comehave been in/here have left have been away have opened  have been open
have begun  have been on/ have lasted have closed have been closed
have died  have been dead have got up  have been up have become  have been
have bought  have had have borrowed  have kept have turned on have been on
have turned of have been off …
10. 现在完成时还可以用在表示时间或条件的状语从句中,表示将来某时已完成的动作.(也就
是说,当主句是将来时时,从句必须用现在时态.既可以是一般现在时,也可以是现在完成时)
We’ll start at five o’clock if it has stopped raining by then. (现在完成时)
You’ll get to like the subject after you have studied it for some time. (现在完成时)
She will let you know as soon as I hear from her. (一般现在时)
I will let you know as soon as I have finished it.
11. 另外,只有少数动词(如:work, study, teach, live等)可用于现在完成时表示一直延续到现在的一个动作外,大多数动词不宜这样用,而需要用现在完成进行时)
How long have you worked here? She has taught English for many years.
We’ve live here for quite a few days. How long has it been raining?
Where have you been? What have you been doing?
We’ve just been talking about you. What book have you been reading these days?
I’ve been sitting here all the afternoon. She has always been working like that.
区别: I’ve been writing a composition for two hours. (还在写)
I’ve written a composition. (已完成)
12. 过去完成时由had+过去分词构成,主要表示过去某时前已发生的动作或情况. 或者说是一个过去某时的状态。常与by+时间点连用。
By the end of June they had planted 10000 trees. With their help, I found I had been wrong.
The play had already started when we got to the theatre.
He suddenly remembered that he hadn’t locked the door.
When I woke up it had already stopped raining. I hadn’t had any English before I came here.
She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her work.
13. 将来完成时由shall(will) + have +过去分词构成,主要表示将来某时会已经处于的一个状态.
I shall have finished this one before lunch. When we get there they will have left.
How many words shall we learned by the end of this term?
By this time next year we’ll have turned all the land into rice fields.
I hope we’ll have got everything ready before you come here tomorrow.
14. 试比较： He has arrived in Beijing. (现在的状态)
He had arrived in Beijing at this time yesterday. （过去某一时刻点的状态）
He will have arrived in Beijing at this time tomorrow. （将来某一时刻点的状态）

Answer 2

很详细了O(∩_∩)O~，都是一些基本考点，慢慢看吧

现在完成时表示到说话时为止（或到现在为止）已经发生或完成了（不一定结束）的动作或状态。
[编辑本段]句型
基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done)
①肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他
②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他
③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他
④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他）

用法
（1）定义：现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.
I have no money to spend now.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)
Jane has laid the table.(含义是:简已经摆桌子.)
Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱)
He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)
（2）定义： 现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的情况,常与for,since连用.
Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
注意： 1.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，
如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非与for,since连用.
2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用
,如already, yet, just, before, recently,still, lately等:
He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet ?
3. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,
如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等:
Have you ever been to Beijing
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,
如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, today, up to present, so far等:
Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
5. 现在完成时表示现在之前业已完成的动作,虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续,但是有一些现在完成时的句子,在后面加上for+一段时间,则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性.
Thomas has studied Russian. (现在不再学俄语)
Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.(同第2点用法第一个例句)
6. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作.
We have had four texts this semester.
现在完成时的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”
1.现在完成时的"完成用法"
现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。
例如：He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。)
现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、频度时间状语(如：never，ever，once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：this morning ／ month ／year...，today等)连用。
例如： Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的钢笔了吗？
2.现在完成时的"未完成用法"
现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。
例如：He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。)
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导)，或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如：up to now，so far)等。
例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。
注意：(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。
(2)现在完成时常见两种句型：
①for短语
②It is＋一段时间＋ since从句
3.一段时间+has passed+since从句
4.主语＋have / has been＋since短语
例如：He has been in the League for three years.
或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了
一.have/has been doing sth.
[编辑本段]介词的运用
1. 动作发生在过去,目前仍在继续或刚刚结束, 常和 "for" 加上 "一段时间", 或"since" 加上"一个确切的过去的时间" 连用.
a) "for" 用于过去的一段时间. (动词必须是可以延续的)
He has been there for six months. 她去那儿有6个月了。
(直到现在)
He went there 6 months ago.
He has never been there. 他从来都没去过那里。(直到现在)
b) "since" 用于过去的一个确切的时间, 意思是"从那时一直到现在", 总是和完成
时一齐用, 而且不能省略. (主句动词必须是可以延续的)
Tim has been in Nantong since January. 自从1月份以来他一直都在南通。(现在仍在南通)
注意: "since" 后面的确切的过去的时间也可以是一个含有过去时的从句.
He has been interested in collecting coins since he was a child.
他打小时候起就对收集硬币感兴趣。（现在还是如此）
c) 现在完成时常和短语 "up to now /till now", "so far" (意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在.)
Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。
I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。
2刚刚完成的动作.
I've just got a letter from my brother.
3 "already" 用于现在完成时的肯定句中, "yet" 用于现在完成时的否定句和疑问句中
He has (already) visited many places in China. (already)
He has come back now. Have you ever been to Australia?
注意 "already" 在句中的两种位置.
The train hasn't arrived yet.火车（到现在）还没有到。
Has she arrived yet? 她已经到了吗？Hasn't he come yet? 她还没来吗？
I haven't been very successful so far.我一直都没有成功。
一般过去时和现在完成时
（ 1 ）、一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式，而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是“助动词 have/ has + 过去分词”。
(2) 、一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如： yesterday, last week , two years ago ,just now ,in 2002 等；而现在完成时则常与 just ,already ,ever ,never 等副词和 these days ,this week ,since ......, for ...... 等表示一段时间的状语连用。
试比较以下几组句子，有什么区别：
① A:Have you seen the film ?
B:Did you see the film ?
分析：你看过这部电影吗？（ A ）句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解；（ B ）句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过，并不强调是否知道其内容。
② A:How has he done it ?
B:How did he do it ?
分析：他是怎么做的这件事？（ A ）句强调的是他做着件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响；（ B ）句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。
③ A:He has lived in Beijing for 8 years .
B:He lived in Beijing for 8 years .
分析：他在北京住了 8 年。（ A ）句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了 8 年，可能还会继续在北京住下去。（ B ）句讲的是他在北京住过 8 年，现在已经不在北京了。
（2）现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响和结果，而一般过去时与现在没有联系，只是说明某个动作发生的时间是在过去。
比：I have washed the car. 我洗过了车。（看上去很漂亮）
I washed the car a moment ago. 我刚才洗过车了。
She has watered the flowers. 她已经浇了花。（不需要再浇了）
She watered the flowers yesterday. 她昨天浇的花。
I have written the letter but I haven't posted it yet. 信我已经写好了，但还没有寄出。
I wrote the letter last week and I posted it three days ago. 我上周写的那封信，3天前寄出的。
（3）现在完成时表示的动作或状态延续到现在并可能延续下去，而一般过去时则单纯表示过去某段时间内的经历。
比：It has rained for five hours. 雨已经下了5个小时了。
It rained for live hours yesterday. 昨天下了5个小时的雨。
He has waited for her for two hours. 他等她已经两个小时了。
He waited for her two hours and then went home. 他等她等了两个小时，然后就回家了。
I have reviewed two lessons this morning. 今天上午我已经复习了两课。（说话时还在上午）
I reviewed two lessons this morning. 今天上午我复习了两课。（说话时已是下午或晚上）

Answer 3

看看吧，以上两位的答案是不错的，我给学生讲解也是这样做的。有不懂的可以来找我。（中考有效）