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• ping <host>ï¼åé ICMP echo æ¶æ¯ï¼ä¸ä¸ªå
ï¼å°ä¸»æºãè¿å¯è½ä¼ä¸åå°åéç´å°ä½ æä¸ Control-Cï¼Ping çéæå³çä¸ä¸ªå
ä»ä½ çæºå¨éè¿ ICMP åéåºå»ï¼å¹¶å¨ IP å±åæ¾ãPing åè¯ä½ å¦ä¸ä¸ªä¸»æºæ¯å¦å¨è¿è¡ã
• telnet <host> [port]ï¼ä¸ä¸»æºå¨æå®ç端å£éä¿¡ãé»è®¤ç telnet 端å£æ¯ 23ãæ Control-] 以éåº telnetãå
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7 ââ echo 端å£
25 ââ SMTPï¼ç¨äºåéé®ä»¶
79 ââ Finger (LCTT è¯æ³¨ï¼ç»´åºç¾ç§ - Finger protocalï¼ä¸è¿ä¸¾ä¾ Finger ææä¸åæ¶å®ï¼åä¸å¦è¯è¯ 80ï¼ï¼ï¼æä¾è¯¥ç½ç»ä¸å
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ARP
ARP ç¨äºå° IP å°å转æ¢ä¸ºä»¥å¤ªç½å°åãroot ç¨æ·å¯ä»¥æ·»å åå é¤ ARP è®°å½ãå½ ARP
è®°å½è¢«æ±¡ææè
é误æ¶ï¼å é¤å®ä»¬ä¼æç¨ãroot æ¾å¼æ·»å ç ARP è®°å½æ¯æ°¸ä¹
ç ââ 代ç设置çä¹æ¯ãARP
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æ ¸ä¸ï¼å¨æå°è¢«æä½ãARP è®°å½ä¼è¢«ç¼åï¼éå¸¸å¨ 20 åéå失æ并被å é¤ã
• arp -aï¼æå° ARP 表ã
• arp -s <ip_address> <mac_address> [pub]ï¼æ·»å ä¸æ¡è®°å½å°è¡¨ä¸ã
• arp -a -dï¼å é¤ ARP 表ä¸çææè®°å½ã
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• netstat -rï¼æå°è·¯ç±è¡¨ãè·¯ç±è¡¨ä¿åå¨å
æ ¸ä¸ï¼ç¨äº IP å±æå
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• route addï¼routeï¼ ç¨äºåè·¯ç±è¡¨æ·»å éæï¼æå¨æå®èéå¨æï¼è·¯ç±è·¯å¾ãææä»è¯¥ PC å°é£ä¸ª IP/åç½çæµéé½ä¼ç»ç±æå®çç½å
³ IPãå®ä¹å¯ä»¥ç¨æ¥è®¾ç½®ä¸ä¸ªé»è®¤è·¯ç±ã
ä¾å¦ï¼å¨ IP/åç½å¤ä½¿ç¨ 0.0.0.0ï¼å°±å¯ä»¥åéææå
å°ç¹å®çç½å
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• routedï¼æ§å¶å¨æè·¯ç±ç BSD å®æ¤ç¨åºãå¼æºæ¶å¯å¨ãå®è¿è¡ RIP è·¯ç±åè®®ãåªæ root ç¨æ·å¯ç¨ã没æ root æéä½ ä¸è½è¿è¡å®ã
• gatedï¼gated æ¯å¦ä¸ä¸ªä½¿ç¨ RIP åè®®çè·¯ç±å®æ¤è¿ç¨ãå®åæ¶æ¯æ OSPFãEGP å RIP åè®®ãåªæ root ç¨æ·å¯ç¨ã
• tracerouteï¼ç¨äºè·è¸ª IP å
çè·¯ç±ãå®æ¯æ¬¡åéå
æ¶é½æè·³æ°å 1ï¼ä»è使å¾ä»æºå°åå°ç®çå°ä¹é´çææç½å
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• netstat -rnf inetï¼æ¾ç¤º IPv4 çè·¯ç±è¡¨ã
• sysctl net.inet.ip.forwarding=1ï¼å¯ç¨å
转åï¼æ主æºå为路ç±å¨ï¼ã
• route add|delete [-net|-host] <destination> <gateway>ï¼ï¼å¦ route add 192.168.20.0/24 192.168.30.4ï¼æ·»å ä¸æ¡è·¯ç±ã
• route flushï¼å é¤ææè·¯ç±ã
• route add -net 0.0.0.0 192.168.10.2ï¼æ·»å ä¸æ¡é»è®¤è·¯ç±ã
• routed -Pripv2 -Pno_rdisc -d [-s|-q]ï¼è¿è¡ routed å®æ¤è¿ç¨ï¼ä½¿ç¨ RIPv2 åè®®ï¼ä¸å¯ç¨ ICMP èªå¨åç°ï¼å¨åå°è¿è¡ï¼ä¾ç»æ¨¡å¼æå®é模å¼ã
• route add 224.0.0.0/4 127.0.0.1ï¼ä¸ºæ¬å°å°åå®ä¹å¤æè·¯ç±ãï¼LCTT è¯æ³¨ï¼åæåçï¼
• rtquery -n <host>ï¼LCTT è¯æ³¨ï¼å¢å äº host åæ°ï¼ï¼æ¥è¯¢æå®ä¸»æºä¸ç RIP å®æ¤è¿ç¨ï¼æå¨æ´æ°è·¯ç±è¡¨ï¼ã
å
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• nslookupï¼å DNS æå¡å¨æ¥è¯¢ï¼å° IP 转为å称ï¼æåä¹ãä¾å¦ï¼nslookup facebook.com ä¼ç»åº facebook.com ç IPã
• ftp <host> [port]ï¼LCTT è¯æ³¨ï¼åæä¸ water åºæ¯ç¬è¯¯ï¼ï¼ä¼ è¾æ件å°æå®ä¸»æºãé常å¯ä»¥ä½¿ç¨ ç»å½å "anonymous" , å¯ç "guest" æ¥ç»å½ã
• rlogin -l <host>ï¼LCTT è¯æ³¨ï¼æ·»å äº host åæ°ï¼ï¼ä½¿ç¨ç±»ä¼¼ telnet çèæç»ç«¯ç»å½å°ä¸»æºã
éè¦æ件
• /etc/hostsï¼ååå° IP å°åçæ å°ã
• /etc/networksï¼ç½ç»åç§°å° IP å°åçæ å°ã
• /etc/protocolsï¼åè®®å称å°åè®®ç¼å·çæ å°ã
• /etc/servicesï¼TCP/UDP æå¡å称å°ç«¯å£å·çæ å°ã
å·¥å
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• ifconfig <interface> <address> [up]ï¼å¯å¨æ¥å£ã
• ifconfig <interface> [down|delete]ï¼åæ¢æ¥å£ã
• ethereal & ;ï¼å¨åå°æå¼ ethereal èéåå°ã
• tcpdump -i -vvv ï¼æåååæå
çå·¥å
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• netstat -w [seconds] -I [interface]ï¼æ¾ç¤ºç½ç»è®¾ç½®åç»è®¡ä¿¡æ¯ã
• udpmt -p [port] -s [bytes] target_host ï¼åé UDP æµéã
• udptarget -p [port]ï¼æ¥æ¶ UDP æµéã
• tcpmt -p [port] -s [bytes] target_host ï¼åé TCP æµéã
• tcptarget -p [port]ï¼æ¥æ¶ TCP æµéã
交æ¢æº
• ifconfig sl0 srcIP dstIP ifconfig sl0 srcIP dstIPï¼é
ç½®ä¸ä¸ªä¸²è¡æ¥å£ï¼å¨æ¤åå
æ§è¡ slattach -l /dev/ttyd0ï¼æ¤åæ§è¡ sysctl net.inet.ip.forwarding=1ï¼
• telnet 192.168.0.254ï¼ä»åç½ä¸çä¸å°ä¸»æºè®¿é®äº¤æ¢æºã
• sh ru æ show running-configuration ï¼æ¥çå½åé
ç½®ã
• configure terminal ï¼è¿å
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置模å¼ã
• exit ï¼éåºå½å模å¼ãï¼LCTT è¯æ³¨ï¼åæåçï¼
VLAN
• vlan n ï¼å建ä¸ä¸ª ID 为 n ç VLANã
• no vlan N ï¼å é¤ ID 为 n ç VLANã
• untagged Y ï¼æ·»å ç«¯å£ Y å° VLAN nã
• ifconfig vlan0 create ï¼å建 vlan0 æ¥å£ã
• ifconfig vlan0 vlan_ID vlandev em0ï¼æ em0 å å
¥å° vlan0 æ¥å£ï¼LCTT è¯æ³¨ï¼åæåçï¼ï¼å¹¶è®¾ç½®æ 记为 IDã
• ifconfig vlan0 [up]ï¼å¯ç¨èææ¥å£ã
• tagged Y ï¼ä¸ºå½å VLAN çç«¯å£ Y æ·»å æ 记帧æ¯æã
UDP/TCP
• A socklab udp ï¼ä½¿ç¨ UDP åè®®è¿è¡ socklabã
• sock ï¼å建ä¸ä¸ª UDP å¥æ¥åï¼çæäºè¾å
¥ sock udp å bind ã
• sendto <Socket ID> <hostname> <port #>ï¼åéæ°æ®å
ã
• recvfrom <Socket ID> <byte #>ï¼ä»å¥æ¥åæ¥æ¶æ°æ®ã
• socklab tcp ï¼ä½¿ç¨ TCP åè®®è¿è¡ socklabã
• passive passiveï¼å建ä¸ä¸ªè¢«å¨æ¨¡å¼çå¥æ¥åï¼çæäº socklab ï¼sock tcp ï¼bind ï¼listen ã
• accept ï¼æ¥åè¿æ¥çè¿æ¥ï¼å¯ä»¥å¨åèµ·è¿æ¥çè¿æ¥ä¹åæä¹åæ§è¡ï¼ã
• connect <hostname> <port #>ï¼çæäº socklab ï¼sock tcp ï¼bind ï¼connect ã
• close ï¼å
³éè¿æ¥ã
• read <byte #>ï¼ä»å¥æ¥åä¸è¯»å n åèã
• write ï¼ï¼ä¾å¦write ciaoãwrite #10ï¼åå¥æ¥ååå
¥ "ciao" æ 10 个åèã
NAT/é²ç«å¢
• rm /etc/resolv.conf ï¼ç¦æ¢å°å解æï¼ä¿è¯ä½ çè¿æ»¤åé²ç«å¢è§åæ£ç¡®å·¥ä½ã
• ipnat -f file_name ï¼å°è¿æ»¤è§ååå
¥æ件ã
• ipnat -l ï¼æ¾ç¤ºæ´»å¨çè§åå表ã
• ipnat -C -F ï¼éæ°åå§åè§å表ã
• map em0 192.168.1.0/24 -> 195.221.227.57/32 em0ï¼å° IP å°åæ å°å°æ¥å£ã
• map em0 192.168.1.0/24 -> 195.221.227.57/32 portmap tcp/udp 20000:50000ï¼å¸¦ç«¯å£å·çæ å°ã
• ipf -f file_name ï¼å°è¿æ»¤è§ååå
¥æ件ã
• ipf -F -a ï¼éç½®è§å表ã
• ipfstat -I ï¼å½ä¸ -s é项åç¨æ¶ååºæ´»å¨çç¶ææ¡ç®
å
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