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American Renaissance or New England Renaissance
Period from the 1830s roughly until the end of the American Civil War in which U.S. literature came of age as an expression of a national spirit.
The literary scene was dominated by New England Brahmin writers, notably Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Oliver Wendell Holmes, and James Russell Lowell. Also influential were the Transcendentalists (see Transcendentalism), including Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, as well as the great imaginative writers Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman, and Edgar Allan Poe.
美国文艺复兴 [American Renaissance]
又称新英格兰文艺复兴(New England Renaissance)。
大致指19世纪30年代到南北战争结束的这段时期，这一时期美国文学日趋成熟，成为一种反映民族精神的文学。这时美国文坛由一批新英格兰作家所统治，其中著名的有朗费罗、霍姆斯(O. W. Holmes)以及洛威尔(J. R. Lowell)。这一时期最有影响力的是超验主义作家，包括爱默生、梭罗(H. D. Thoreau)。此外，还出现了一些伟大的富有想像力的作家，如霍桑、梅尔维尔(H. Melville)、惠特曼和坡。
American writer. The best-known 19th-century poet in the United States, he wroteThe Song of Hiawatha (1855) and a translation (1865-1867) of Dante's Divine Comedy.
朗费罗，亨利·瓦兹沃思：(1807-1882) 美国作家。美国19世纪最著名的诗人，著有《海华沙之歌》（1855年），并翻译了（1865-1867年）但丁的 《神曲》
Transcendentalism
Movement of 19th-century New England philosophers and writers.
The Transcendentalists were loosely bound together by adherence to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation, the innate goodness of humankind, and the supremacy of vision over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. Part of the Romantic movement (see Romanticism), it developed around Concord, Mass., attracting individualistic figures such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, and Bronson Alcott. Transcendentalist writers and their contemporaries signaled the emergence of a new national culture based on native materials, and they were a major part of the American Renaissance in literature. They advocated reforms in church, state, and society, contributing to the rise of free religion and the abolition movement and to the formation of various utopian communities, such as Brook Farm. Some of the best writings by minor Transcendentalists appeared in The Dial (1840–44), a literary magazine.
超验主义 [Transcendentalism]
19世纪新英格兰哲学家与作家的运动，他们因信奉一套唯心论的思想体系而松散地结合在一起；这套思想基于以下信念：宇宙万物实质上的统一性和人类固有的善良天性，以及在揭示最深刻的真理方面，内在的洞察力优于逻辑和经验。该思想运动属于浪漫主义的一部分，是从美国马萨诸塞州康科德附近发展起来的，吸引了诸如R.W.爱默生、H.D.梭罗、M.富勒和B.奥尔科特这些个人主义的主要人物的注意。超验主义者的作家与其同时代人展现了美国艺术天才的首度成熟，并且将美国文艺复兴引入文学之中。影响较小的超验主义者所写的部分优秀作品出现在《日晷》(1840～1844)文学杂志中。
Holmes, Oliver Wendell
U.S. physician, poet, and humourist.
He joined the Harvard faculty in 1847 and later became dean of its medical school. He won national acclaim with his poem "Old Ironsides" (1830). From 1857 he published his "Breakfast-Table" essays in The Atlantic Monthly, later republished in such collections as The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table (1858) and The Professor of the Breakfast-Table (1860). Other works include the poem "The Chambered Nautilus" and the novel Elsie Venner (1861). Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., is his son.
霍姆斯 Holmes, Oliver Wendell (1809.8.29～1894.10.7)
美国医生、诗人和幽默作家。1847年在哈佛执教，后任哈佛医学院院长。诗作《老铁壁》(1830)引起全国轰动。1857年起在《大西洋月刊》上发表“早餐桌上”系列散文，后来以《早餐桌上的霸主》(1858)和《早餐桌上的教授》(1860)为题重新结集出版。其他作品还有诗歌《鹦鹉螺》和小说《埃尔西·文纳》(1861)。霍姆斯(小)是他的儿子。
Emerson, Ralph Waldo
U.S. poet, essayist, and lecturer.
Emerson graduated from Harvard University and was ordained a Unitarian minister in 1829. His questioning of traditional doctrine led him to resign the ministry three years later. He formulated his philosophy in Nature (1836); the book helped initiate New England Transcendentalism, a movement of which he soon became the leading exponent. In 1834 he moved to Concord, Mass., the home of his friend Henry David Thoreau. His lectures on the proper role of the scholar and the waning of the Christian tradition caused considerable controversy. In 1840, with Margaret Fuller, he helped launch The Dial, a journal that provided an outlet for Transcendentalist ideas. He became internationally famous with his Essays (1841, 1844), including "Self-Reliance." Representative Men (1850) consists of biographies of historical figures. The Conduct of Life (1860), his most mature work, reveals a developed humanism and a full awareness of human limitations. His Poems (1847) and May-Day (1867) established his reputation as a major poet.
Ralph Waldo Emerson, lithograph by Leopold Grozelier, 1859
By courtesy of The Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
爱默生 Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803.5.25～1882.4.27)
美国散文作家、诗人和演说家。哈佛神学院毕业，1829年任基督教一位论派牧师并开始布道。3年后，他对传统的教义产生怀疑，因而辞去牧师职务。1836年发表《论自然》，阐释他的理论。这本书开创了新英格兰超验主义运动，不久他就成为该运动的领导人物。1834年定居于马萨诸塞州康科德，这里是他的朋友梭罗的家乡。他的演说是有关学者应该扮演的合适角色，以及基督教传统的衰弱导致相当多的争论。1840年他和富勒协助创办了超验主义杂志《日规》，借以广泛宣扬超验主义的新观点。《论文集》(1841、1844)为他赢得国际知名度，其中收有“论自助”篇。《代表人物》(1850)包含了历史人物的传记。《人生的行为》(1860)是他最成熟的作品，主要反映了作者全面的人文主义思想，他充分意识到人的局限性。《诗集》(1847)和《五月节》(1867)使他获得了美国重要诗人的声誉。
American writer. A seminal figure in the history of American thought, he spent much of his life in Concord, Massachusetts, where he became associated with the New England transcendentalists and lived for two years on the shore of Walden Pond (1845-1847). His works include “Civil Disobedience” (1849) and Walden (1854).
梭罗，亨利·戴维：(1817-1862) 美国作家，美国思想史上有创见的人物，他一生大部分时间在马萨诸塞州的康科德城度过，在这些地方他与新英格兰的超验主义者来往，且在沃尔登塘住了两年(1845-1847年)，他的作品包括《和平抵抗》（1849年）和《湖滨散记》（1854年）
American writer whose novels, such asThe Scarlet Letter (1850) and The House of the Seven Gables (1851), and short stories, including “Young Goodman Brown” (1835), are marked by elegant prose and moralistic and spiritual themes.
霍桑，内森尼尔：(1804-1864) 美国作家，他的小说以优美的文字、道德和精神为主题，如《红字》（1850年）和 《七个山墙的房子》（1851年）及“小伙子布朗”(1835年）等短篇小说
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