关于初中英语语法?

如: 什么词后面加DOING 什么词后加TO DO 一些特殊的词加什么的形态 越多也好 只要初中的 谢谢了 好我会加分

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第1个回答  2013-09-22
初中英语语法汇总
(一)
一.词类(Parts of Speech)
名词 英文名称The Noun(缩写为n.) 表示人或事物的名称 例词boy,clock,book等
冠词 英文名称The Article(缩写为art.) 用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人和或事物。 例词a(an),the
代词 英文名称The Pronoun(缩写为pron) 用来代替名词、形容词或是数词 例词we,that,his,what
形容词 英文名称The Adjective(缩写为adj.) 用以修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征
例词 old,red,fine,good.
数词 英文名称The Numeral(缩写为num.) 表示数量或是顺序。例词 one,thirteen
first
动词 英文名称The Verb(缩写为v.) 表示动作或状态。例词sit,go,be(am,is,are)
副词 英文名称The Adverb(缩写为adv.) 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词。例词not
too,here,very
介词 英文单词The Preposition(缩写为prep.) 表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的
关系。 例词in,on,of,to,under.
连词 英文单词The Conjunction(缩写为conj.) 用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句
与句。 例词and,or,but.
感叹词 英文单词The Interjection(缩写为interj.) 表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等
情感。 例词oh,hello,hi,er.
二.名词(Nouns)
1.总的说来,名词分专有名词和普通名词两类。
专有名词: 表示具体的人,事物,地点或机构的专有名称。
Lucy China 中国 Asia 亚洲 Beijing 北京 。
专有名词的第一个字母要大写。
普通名词: 表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如:
teacher 老师 tea 茶 reform 改革
普通名词又可进一步分为四类
1) 个体名称: 表示单个的人和事物。
house 马 car 汽车 room 房间 apple 苹果 fun 风扇 picture 照片
2) 集体名称: 表示一群人或一些事物的名称。
people 人们 family 家庭 army 军队 government 政府 group 集团
3) 物质名词:表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。
fire 火 steel 钢 air 空气 water 水 milk 牛奶
4)抽象名词:表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。
labour 劳动 health 健康 life 生活 friendship友情 patience耐力
2.名词按其所表现的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。
可数名词(Countable Nouns)有复数形式,如:
an apple two apples a car some cars
不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)一般没有复数形式.
抽象名词, 物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词。
sand 沙 sugar 糖
有少数名词即可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但含义不同。
glass 玻璃 glass 玻璃杯 paper 纸 paper 报纸,文件
名词的功能
名词在句中作主语, 宾语,介词宾语,宾语补助语,表语以及名词短语作状语。
The bag is in the desk. bag 作主语。
书包在桌子里边。
I washed my clothes yesterday. clothes 作宾语。
昨天我洗了我的衣服。
This is a good book. book 作表语。
这是一本好书。
We elected him our monitor. monitor作宾语补助语。
我们选他为我们的班长。
Mary lives with her parents. parents作介词宾语.
玛丽和她的父母亲住在一起。
He is a Party member. Party 作定语.
他是一名党员。
They study hard day and night. day and night作状语。
他们白天黑夜地学习。
3.可数名词有单数(the Singular Nunmber)和复数(the Plural Number)两种形式。
名词的复数形式(The Plural Form Nouns)的部分规则如下:
1) 一般情况下,在词尾加 -s. 例如:
bags,maps,pens,desks,workers
2) 以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-es.例如:
buses watches boxes
3) 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加-s.例如:
licences blouses oranges
4) 以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i再加-es.例如:
babies families
5) 名词以 -f 或 -fe 结尾的,把 -f 或-fe 变成 -ves.
bookshelves, wives, knives
注:英语中有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,需要一一记忆常见的有,
man - men woman - women foot - feet
tooth - teeth mouse - nice ox - oxen
sheep - sheep dear - dear fish - fish
英语中有些名词总是以复数形式出现。
scissors 剪刀 goods 货物 trousers 裤子 clothes 衣服 glasses 玻璃杯
4.名词的所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns)
在英语中,名词的格有三个,主格,宾格和所有格。
它们的形式及其变化表示与其他词的关系。
实际上, 主格和宾格通过它在句中的作用和位置来确定。
The bird is in the tree. 鸟在树上。 bird 作主语, 是主格。
I saw a film yesterday. 昨天我看了一场电影。 film 作宾语,是宾格。
名词的所有格: 名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格。
Lu Xun's book is worth reading.
鲁迅的书值得一读。
This is my father's room.
这是我父亲的房间。
名词所有格的构成
单数名词 加's 例词:Mike's father
以s结尾的复数名词 加' 例词:the teachers' room
不以s结尾的复数名词 加's 例词:men's women's
三、代词(Pronouns)
1.人称代词(Personal Pronouns)
第一人称单数主格I(复数We) 单数宾格me(复数us)
第二人称单数主格you(复数you) 单数宾格you(复数you)
第三人称单数主格he,she,it(复数they) 单数宾格him,her,it(复数them)
2.物主代词(Possessive Pronouns)
形容词性物主代词第一人称单数my(复数our)
形容词性物主代词第二人称单数your(复数your)
形容词性物主代词第三人称单数his,her,its(复数their)
名词性物主代词第一人称单数mine(复述ours)
名词性物主代词第二人称单数yours(复数yours)
名词性物主代词第三人称单数his,hers,its(复数theirs)
四、数词(Numeral)
表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。
表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
基数词(Cardinal Numbers)
1 one 2 two 3three 4four 5five 6six
11eleven 12twelve 13thirteen 20twenty
21twenty-one 40fouty 100one hundred
五、动词(Verb)
一般现在时(The Simple Present Tense)
一般现在时表示现在的状态
如:He is twelve.She is at home.
表示经常的或是习惯性的动作.
如:I go to school at 7:30 every day.
表示主语具备的的性格和能力等
如:She like apple.They know English.
1.动词be(Verb to be)
肯定式I am......否定I am not....
肯定式You are...否定式You are not....
肯定式He/She/It is....否定式He/She/It is not....
疑问句和简略答语
Am I ....?
Yes,you are./No,I you are not.
Are you....?
Yes,I am./No,I am not.
2.There be结构
"There is/are+某物/某人+某地/某时"这样一种句型,大致相当于汉语
"某地/某时有某物/某人"的说法.句子的is/are和后面所跟的名词在数
方面必须是一致.
肯定式:There is(There's)a table in your room.
There are(There're)some pencils on the desk.
否定式:There is not(There isn't)any cats here.
There are not(aren't)any cats here.
疑问式和简略答语
Is there a ruler in your bag?
Yes,there is./No,there is not(isn't).
Are there any people in that house?
Yes,there are./No,there are not(aren't).
How many kites are there in the sky?
There are thirteen.
六、介词(Prepositions)
介词一般用于名词或代词前,表示该词与句子其他成分的关系.介词后面的名词
或代词称为介词宾语.介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语.
本册课本出现的介词短语如下:
at: at home at school at six thirty
behind: behind the door/tree behind one's chair
beside: beside the door beside the house
from: from one to a hundred
in: in Row/Team/Class/Grade4
in one's school/grade/class/team/rom
in your desk/pencil-box/bedroom
in the picture in the same class in different classes
in English in the hat in the morning/afternoon
like: like this/that
near: near the window near the door
of: a picture of a classroom a map of China
the name of her cat the wall of their classroon
on: on the desk/chair on the floor on the wall on the bike
on the duty
to:(a quarter)to ten (go)to school/bed/work
under: under the desk/table under the tree/window under one's chair/bed
(1) 表示时间:
at: 表示某一时间点
如: at noon
on: 表示特定的日子
如: on Christmas
in: 表示一段不具体的时间
如: in the morning, in the Second world war
如表示在某一特定的早上、下午则用on
如: on a cold morning, on a hot afternoon, on Sunday morning
during: 表示期间内的某个时期
如: during the night, during the Second World War
for: 其后接表示一段时间长度的词
如: for three days
through: 表示在整个期间没有间歇
例: It snowed through the night.
till/until: 表示动作持续的终点
例:I studied hard till twelve o'clock last night.
by: 表示动作完成期限
例: I'll be back by five o'clock.
since: 表示某动作的起始点
例:I have studied English since 1990.
(2) 表示地点:
at: 表示较小的地点
如: arrived at the school gate
in: 表示较大的地点
如: arrived in Shanghai
for: 表示目的地
例: I'll leave for Shanghai.
above: 表示上面,上方,其反意词是below
over: 表示垂直上方,其反意词是under
例: The dog jumped over the table.
through: 表示穿过
如: through the forest
across: 表示平原上的跨越
例: I want to walk across the road.
七、句子的种类(Kinds of Sentences)
英语的句子按照用途可分为以下四类:
陈述句 用途是用来说明事实或说话人的看法 例句:I can see a map on the wall.
I think it's his.
疑问句 用途是用来提出问题. 例句:Are you Mr Green?
Can you find it ? How old are you?
祈使句 用途是用来表示请求和命令. 例句: Sstand up.Come in,please.
Let's play games.
感叹句 用途是用来表达强烈的感情. 例句:What a fine day it is!
How beautiful the flowers are!
八、一般疑问句和 特殊疑问句
一般疑问句子和特殊疑问句
一般疑问句(General Question)一般是指用Yes或No回答的疑问句。
例如:Is she at school today? Yes,she is/No,she isn't.
Can you see a pencile on the desk? Yes,I can./No,I can't.
Do you play football? Yes,they do./No,they don't.
特殊疑问句是以特殊疑问词开头的疑问句.
(二)
一.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
(The Comparative and Superlative Degrees of Adjective and Adverbs)
大多数形容词和副词有三个等级:
1)原级,即原形。
2)比较级,表示“较……”或“更……一些”的意思。
3)最高级,表示“最……”的意思。
1.形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成
(1)规则变化
单音节词和少数双音节词
一般在词尾加-er或-est
cold colder coldest
strong stronger strongest
fast faster fastest
slow slow slowest
以字母e结尾的形容词,加-r或-st
nice nicer nicest
large larger largest
重读闭音节词只有一个辅音字母时,应先双写辅音字母,再加-er或-est
big bigger biggest
thin thinner thinnest
hot hotter hottest
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词,先改“y”为“i”,再加-er或-est
easy esaier easiest
happy happier happiest
early earlier earliest
少数以-er,-ow 结尾的双音节词clever(聪明的)未尾加-er,-est
clever cleverer cleverest
narrow narrower narrowest
多音节词和部分双音节词
在词前加more或most
delicious more delicious most delicious
interesting more interesting most interting
easily more easily most easily
carefully more carefully most carefully
(2)不规则变化
good/well better best
bad/badly worse worst
much/many more most
little less least
far farther/further farthest/furthest
2.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的用法
比较级:表示两者(人或事物)的比较
Mr King is taller than Mr Read
This mooncakes is nicer than that one。
The tractor is going faster than the bike。
最高级:表示三者或三者以上(人或事物)的比较,其中有一个在某一方面超过
其他几个时,用最高级。最高级的前面一般要加定冠词the。后面可带of(in)
短语来说明比较的范围。
Whose drawing is he best of all?
She is the youngest in the class.
The taxi is going ghe fastest.
Mr Qin is walking tje slowest of all.
注:在形容词和副词的比较级前,有时可以用much,a little等来修饰,
如:much better a little taller
二。数词(Numerals)(2)
序数词(Ordinal Numbers)
序数词表示事物的顺序,往往与定冠词the连用。
fist 1st twentieth 20th
second 2nd twenty-first 21th
third 3nd thirieth 30th
fourth 4nd thirty-ninth 39th
fifth 5nd fortieth 40th
sixth 6th fiftieth 50th
seventh 7th sixtieth 60th
eighth 8th seventieth 70th
nineth 9th ninetieth 80th
tenth 10th hundredth 100th
eleventh 11th one hundred and first 101st
twelfth 12th
三、冠词(Articles)
冠词是一种虚词,让在名词的前面,帮助说明名词的含义,
冠词分不定冠词(The Indefinite Article)
和定冠词(The Define Article)两种,a(an)是不定冠词。
a用在辅音之前,如:a road
a boy;an用在元音之前,如:an hour ;an old man等;the是定冠词。
1.不定冠词的用法
用于可数名词的单数形式前,指人或事物的某一种类。
Susan is a scientist.
Pass me an orange,please.
指某人或某事,但不具体说明何人或何物。
A boy is looking for you。
We work five days a week。
表示“一”这个数量,但数的概念没有one强烈。
We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow。
I have a mouth,a nose,two eyes and two ears。
用于某些固定的词组中。
a few ,a little ,a lot of ,a moment ago
2.定冠词的用法。
特指某些人或某些事物
Show me the photo of the boy。
The book on the desk is mine。
指双方都知 http://wenku.baidu.com/view/05de4a2fb4daa58da0114af8.html这里有常见短语什么的
第2个回答  2013-09-22
感官动词后面+do
Finish doing
Engoy doing
Like doing
Keep doing
Practice doing
Mind doing
Hate doing
love doing
动词不定式是一种非谓语动词的形式 非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词,形容词或副词作用的动词形式,而不是作谓语的动词形式。 动词的非谓语形式分为动名词,分词,动词不定式。 Climbing mountain is a good exercise. (Climbing..., 动名词起名词作用) 爬山是一项好运动。 Do you know the man wearing a white shirt. (wearing ... 分词起形容词作用) 你认识那个穿白衬衣的人吗? He gets up early to catch the first bus. (to catch .... 不定式起副词作用) 他早早起床是为了赶上第一班汽车。 谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别: 1) 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语,而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。 Miss Mary teaches us English. 玛丽教我们英语。(teaches 动词作谓语) Mr.Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week. 维克托先生上周来到了我们教室和我们谈话。 (to have a talk.... 不定式作状语) 2) 谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制,而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。 Larke likes the pop music. 拉克喜欢流行音乐。 (动词用单数第三人称形式) Larke has nothing to do today. 拉克今天没什么事要做。(do 用原形) 非谓语动词的特征: 1 如果非谓语动词是及物动词,后面须跟宾语。 Studying English is my favorite. 学习英语是我的爱好。(studying 后跟宾语) To help him is my duty. 帮助他是我的责任。(help 后跟宾语) 2 非谓语动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语。 Working under such a condition is terrible. 在这样的环境下工作太可怕了。(under such a condition 是 working 的状语) It's too difficult for him to master English in such a short time. 他在这么短的时间内掌握英语太难了。(for him 作不定式的逻辑主语) 3 非谓语动词仍有语态和时态的变化。 I am sorry to have kept you waiting long. 对不起让你久等了。(to have kept...是不定式的完成形式) Seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful. 从山上看,这座城市美丽多了。(Seen from...是分词的被动形式) 4 非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者形容词来使用。 Our coming made him happy. 我们的到来使他很高兴。(coming 起名词作用) There are two big swimming pools here. 这儿有两个大型游泳池。(swimming 起形容词作用) 非谓语动词的形式变化: 不 定 式 主 动 被 动 一般 to write to be written 进行 to be writing / 完成 to have written to have been written 完成进行 to have been writing / 现 在 分 词 主 动 被 动 一般 writing being written 完成 having written having been written 过 去 分 词 一般 written 动 名 词 主 动 被 动 一 般 writing being written 完 成 having written having been written 动 词 不 定 式: 动词不定式是由 to + 动词原形构成,在句中起名词,形容词和副词的作用,可以担任除谓语以外的其它任何成分。 1 动词不定式作主语: To mast a language is not an easy thing. 掌握一门语言不是一件容易的事情。 To teach English is my favorite. 教英语是我的爱好。 It's my pleasure to help you. 很乐意帮助你。 动词不定式作主语时可以放在后面,而用 it 作形式主语放在原主语的位置上。 It's very kind of you to have given us much help. 你给了我们那么多的帮助真是太好了。 It's necessary to find the witness. 有必要找到目击者。 2 动词不定式作宾语: 某些及物动词可以用动词不定式作宾语,这些动词有decide, begin, help, begin, want, wish, like, forget, learn, ask. What I wish is to learn English well. 我所希望的是把英语学好。 I like to help others if I can. 如果有可能的话,我喜欢帮助别人。 3 动词不定式作宾语补语 。 We expect you to be with us. 我们希望你和我们在一起。 Please ask him to come here quickly. 请叫他快过来。 4 动词不定式作表语 : What I should do is to finish the task soon. 我应该做的是赶快完成任务。 The most urgent thing is to find the boy immediately. 当务之急是马上去找孩子。 5 动词不定式作定语: There are many ways to solve the problem. 有许多方法能解决这个问题。 I have something important to tell you. 我有重要的事情要告诉你。 6 不定式作状语: We went to the hospital to see our teacher. 我们去医院看了我们的老师。 She is making a test to get a kind of useful medicine from a Tibet flower. 她在做试验,从一种西藏花中提取某种有用的药物。 动词不定式的否定形式: not + to + 动词原形 The teacher told us not to swim in that river. 老师告诉我们不要在那条河里游泳。 It's unfair not to tell us. 没告诉我们真是不公平。 带疑问词的不定式: 疑问词who, what,which,when, where, how, why 可以加在不定式的前面,构成不定式短语,使含义更加具体。 Where to go is not known yet. 去什么地方还不知道。 I don't know when to begin. 我不知道什么时间开始。 Can you tell me where to get the battery. 你能告诉我哪儿能买到电池吗? Do you know how to get to the station. 你知道怎样去车站吗? 带逻辑主语的不定式: 动词不定式可以带有自己的逻辑主语,构成方法是: for + 逻辑主语 + 不定式。 注意:逻辑主语用宾格形式, for 本身无实际意义,它只表明后面的主语从逻辑上分析是不定式的主语。 It's necessary for us to help each other. 我们互相帮忙是必要的。 There are much work for me to finish, 有许多工作要我去完成。 动词不定式的时态: 动词不定式一般时:表示动作和句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或之后发生。 I helped him put the things into the car. 我帮助他把东西放进了汽车。 I want to see you again. 我想再见到你。 Would you like to have a rest. 你愿意休息一下吗? 动词不定式完成时: 表示动作在句中谓语动词的动作之前发生。 We are sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 对不起,我们让你久等了。 They seems to have known the answers. 他们好像知道了答案。 动词不定式进行时:表示动作同句中谓语动词的动作同时发生,强调动作正在进行。 They seem to be working hard. 他们好像在努力工作。 动词不定式的被动形式: 表示不定式动词同所修饰的名词是被动关系 。 He is the man to be examined. 他是受检查的人。 There are much work to be done. 有好多工作要做。
第3个回答  2013-09-22
过去完成时

1) 概念:表示过去的过去
----|-------|-----|---->其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前 那时 现在

2) 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.

典型例题
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B,were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前,因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生。因此
前一句应用过去进行时。

注意: had no … when 还没等…… 就……
had no sooner… than 刚…… 就……
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.

过去进行时

1) 概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。

2) 过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生。

3) 常用的时间状语
this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while

My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
It was raining when they left the station.
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.

典型例题
1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时。同 时,when表时间的同时性,"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时。

2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
read; was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read;fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while,意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行;一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell (fall的过去时),是系动词,后跟形容词,如:fall sick。
一.过去将来时的构成:

would+动词原形或was/ were going to+动词原形

如:The farmers didn’t know whether they would have a good harvest.农民们不知道他们是否会有一个好收成。

Li Mei said that she was going to visit her grandma in the country the next Sunday.李梅说下星期天要去看望她乡下的祖母。

二.过去将来时的用法:

过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将来要看发生的动作或存在的状态。具体分为:

1.主句为过去时,宾语从句常表示将要发生的事情。如:

Nobody knew what would happen after a hundred years. 没有人知道一百年之后将会发生什么事。

We didn’t know whether she was going to speak at the meeting. 我们不知道她是否准备在会上发言。

2.在叙述过去的事情或事情发生的经过时,用过去将来时表示在当时看将来会发生的事。如:

It was a Saturday afternoon. A young man named George had just left school. He was going to start to work the following week, so he decided to buy some new clothes and a new pair of shoes.一个星期六的下午,一位名叫乔治的年轻人刚离开学校。因为他准备下周开始工作,所以,决定买些新衣服和一双新鞋子。

三.过去将来时的其他表示法:

1.在时间或条件状语从句中,常用一般过去时表示在过去看将来要发生的动作。如:

They said that they were going to West Hill Farm if it didn’t rain the next Sunday. 他们说如果下星期天不下雨他们就去西山农场。

The teacher asked Tom what he was going to be when he grew up. 老师问汤姆长大后准备干什么。

2.go, come, leave, fly, drive, arrive, start等表示位置移动的动词常用过去进行时表示一个当时按计划或安排近期将要发生的动作。如:

She didn’t say when she was coming again next time. 她没说下一次什么时候会再来。

Jim decided they were flying to England next month. 吉姆决定他们下个月坐飞机去英国。本回答被网友采纳
第4个回答  2013-09-22
pay attention to +doing,look forwward to +doing,be used to +doing,hold on to+doing,
attempt to be doing sth.(假装正在做某事),against doing, be afriad of +doing, give up +doing, have a hard time +doing sth. continue +doing sth.外加一些介词,如in,at,for,on之类的.
have to do sth.,pretend to do,attempt to do,be afriad to do,continue to do sth,be willing to do sth
hope to do sth,it take sb. some time to do sth.还有更多,等待你的询问.英语问题找我没错!