第1个回答 2008-05-23
近几年来，青少年犯罪问题十分突出，引起了全社会的重视，对如何预防青少年犯罪，专家、学者以及热心于预防青少年工作的人员提出了很多有见地的办法，但仍不能有效地控制青少年犯罪率的上升。我国颁布的《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》和《中华人民共和国预防未成年人犯罪法》中指出：预防未成年犯罪应结合未成年人不同年龄的生理、心理特点，加强对未成年人的法制教育，心理矫治和预防犯罪的对策。对青少年犯罪追究刑事责任、实行教育、感化、挽救的方针，坚持教育为主、惩罚为辅的原则。据报载：就福建省漳平市来说，自2002年以来，该市就有青少年犯罪案件85件140人，其中抢劫28件5人，盗窃36件48人，寻衅滋事28件15人，故意伤害5件6人，敲诈勒索3件8人，绑架2件2人，拐卖妇女1件5人，强奸1件1人，故意杀人1人。青少年犯罪率与前几年相比呈明显上升的趋势。
一、青少年违法犯罪现状
（一）从犯罪性质看，盗窃犯罪最为突出。[1]许多青少年贪图吃、喝、玩、乐等物质享受，又想不劳而获，从小偷、小摸走向盗窃犯罪；其次是抢夺、抢劫、寻衅滋事等犯罪人数众多；再有者，就是模仿电影电视中的主人翁做案手法，称英雄，无所顾忌，不顾后果挥刀作案，以致犯故意杀人或故意伤害致人死亡等严重罪行。
（二）、从犯罪形式看，两人以上共同犯罪人数增多。一些青少年由于过早辍学，无所事事，浪迹街头，便三、五成群，拉帮结伙，经常聚集在一起吸烟酗
酒滋事、交流作案经验。有的模仿影视片中的黑社会组织，成立帮派或团伙值
得重视的是，有的少年深受黄色、淫秽音像制品的毒害而不能自拔，为了寻精
神刺激，而持刀、持械拦截少女实施暴力。
（三）从犯罪手段来看，作案手段残忍，犯罪后果严重。我市一名少年犯杀人案，该少年看着手表杀人，计算杀一个人需多长时间，杀完以后还准备杀第二个人。有的少年犯罪手段已经达到智能化、成熟化。
作案前周密策划，多次踩点，选择时机，准备作案工具；作案时分工明确，注意配合；有的已会运用侦察手段；有的一人就犯有数罪，而且情节都比较为严重。
（四）从犯罪年龄看，逐渐趋向低龄化。在受到刑事处罚的未成年人当中已满14岁不满16岁的人数逐渐增多，而因不满16岁不予刑事处罚和不满14岁不负刑事责任的人数也占相当大的比例。有些少年从10-13岁就开始走上犯罪道路。
（五）从犯罪身份看，辍学少年人数居多。
二、青少年犯罪的原因
（一）社会现实及丑恶现象不时的腐蚀着青少年纯洁的心灵。
青少年的生活离不开五彩缤纷和充满形形色色诱惑的大千世界。当今社会难免残留着旧社会的痕迹，在一些阴暗角落滋生蔓延着一些与改革开放、发展经济和精神文明建设不相称和丑恶现象。[2]一是社会上很多大学毕业生找不到工作，严重影响了青少年上学的兴趣，产生厌学情绪，经常逃学，就业困难，使一些青少年整日无所事事，久而久之走上邪道；二是影视、互联网传播不健康、暴力、淫秽等丑恶的东西；三是社会改革中出现的贫富分化、一切向钱看等不正常观念的影响；四是社会上偷盗、抢劫、黄赌、斗殴、色情等犯罪案件的潜移默化。如今年发生的一起绑架案。犯罪嫌疑人林真鸿、蒋江材在看了香港大篇《插翅难逃》之后，深受张子强的影响，便在现实生活中模仿张子强的绑架手法，绑架了漳平某私营业主吴某的岳父，企图勒索60万巨款。
（二）不正确的家庭教育给孩子造成难以矫治的人格障碍。
家庭是青少年的第一课堂，父母是第一任教师，正确的家庭教育对青少年的健康成长是极其重要的。不正确的家教在青少年的心理形成人格障碍，形成不正确的人生观。在行为上起着潜移默化的作用。
一是父母不和、闹离异，经常吵架，秽语连嘴，在家乱摔东西，给青少年造成心理伤害；二是家庭经济差，平时很少给孩子零花钱，造成青少年去偷、抢；三是父母教育方法简单、粗暴，对子女的过错、学习成绩不理想，不是打就是骂，不尊重孩子的人格，在这种高压下，孩子的心理畸形；四是父母行为不检点、不务正业，经常酗酒、赌博，严重影响孩子世界观的形成；五是溺爱孩子，视独生子女为掌上明珠，重视物质方面的满足，忽视了思想品德的教养，娇生惯养，随着时间的推移，助长了子女的自私和奢侈；六是父母没有履行好法定的监护义务，不关心子女，任其发展，不闻不问。青少年在这种不良的家庭环境耳濡目睹，久而久之，使他们孤独、自卑、怨恨、狂妄，极易被坏人所利用，极易走上犯罪的道路。
（三）学校缺乏给学生一个全面发展的良好环境。
一是素质教育已实行多年，但不少学校还热衷于应试教育，片面追求升学率，忽视德育教育，对一些基本的社会常识、做人道理和社会公德规范的教育不够；二是法制教育缺乏，很少对学生上法制课、出法制黑板报等进行普法教育；三是在具体教育中联系实际缺乏，盲目的超越阶段，忽视了青少年成长特点和接受能力，满堂灌，使学生产生厌学情绪，甚至有的还逃学；四是有些教师岐视后进生，动不动就进行所谓的批评，甚至是人格侮辱，极大的伤害了学生幼小的心灵，影响了身心健康；五是市场经济的影响，有些学校周末补课的要交补课费，无法参与补课，自认为低人一等，产生悲观，形成畸形心理；六是学校缺乏与家长的联系、沟通，没有及时掌握学生的心理、情绪变化，无法及时对学生的不良苗头性问题进行抑制；七是班主任缺乏对本班学生的了解和关心，对学生的情况缺乏全面掌握；八是教师的教育方法缺乏科学，有的采取变相体罚，致使一些学生弃学、辍学，甚至流浪社会。在校生在这样的一个环境中学习，极走上邪路。
（四）青少年自身的生理、心理特点较易走上人生的歧途。
青少年在生理和心理发育成长阶段的犯罪心理特征有其特殊性。[3]犯罪的青少年的从其心理特征来看，有几种常见的犯罪心理特征：
1、认知特征上
犯罪的青少年的认知特征，表现在他们所特有的人生观、道德观、法纪观等诸方面。青少年的核心是两个精神支柱和三种观念。三种错误观念是：亡命称霸的英雄观，无政府主义的自由观和低级的生活观。具有反社会倾向人生观的青少年，必定缺乏正确的政治信念和远大理想。失范青少年由对社会主义的无知发展到对社会主义的不满乃至对立，有的似乎还不曾想到反社会，但潜意识里有一种与社会"对着干"的成份。
青少年有严重的道德缺陷，或者说，剥削阶级的道德观恶性发展，他们不曾想到全社会利益。青少年绝大多数法制观念淡薄，或者是个空白。他们主张个性极端自由，个人欲望不受任何的社会约束和强制，把勇敢、英雄与亡命、莽撞混为一谈。另外，犯罪的青少年中，有一种通过自我归因而证明自己行为的合理性，即对自己的种种犯罪行为都有一套正当理由。
2、情感特征
情感体验的低级性和庸俗性。他们的喜怒哀乐，是与他们无节制地吃、喝、玩、乐等欲望的满足与否相联系的，他们由此获得快感，又进一步增加无节制的欲望的产生。情感发生的冲动性和不稳定性。一些青少年的犯罪行为是在感情冲动的情况下发生的。情感冲动有一种强烈的、疾风暴雨般的感情体验，心理学上谓之激情，由于激情导致的违犯罪称激情犯罪。他们由于对社会采取敌视态度，由于自卑而总觉得周围人每时每刻都在斥责自己，其心理格外敏感，激情十分突出，即容易产生激情而难以自我控制，以致导致违法犯罪，因而这样的违法犯罪行为常带有偶发性、残暴性。
情感的孤独性和偏执性。违法青少年有一种孤独感，觉得自己是社会中多余的人，不管是由于犯罪而遭遇、孤立，还是因孤独而犯罪，他们确实强烈意识到自己受社会、近邻白眼相视。
In recent years, a very prominent problem of juvenile delinquency has aroused the attention the whole society, on how to prevent juvenile crime, experts, scholars and dedicated to the prevention of youth work staff put a lot of thoughtful approach, but still can not effectively Control the rising rate of juvenile delinquency. China promulgated the "People's Republic of China law on protection of minors" and "Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency Act," points out: the prevention of minor crimes with minors should be of different ages, physical, psychological characteristics, strengthen the minors Legal education, psychological treatment and crime prevention measures. Of juvenile delinquency be held criminally responsible, the implementation of education, probation, to save the principle of upholding the main education, supplemented by the principle of punishment. According to the effect: on Zhangping City, Fujian Province, since 2002, the city has 85 of 140 juvenile delinquency cases, of which 28 5 robbery, theft of 36 of 48, creating trouble 28 and 15, deliberately 6 hurt five people, three of extortion eight people, two of kidnapping two people, trafficking in women and a five people, one a rape, deliberate killing one person. Juvenile crime rate compared with previous years showed an upward trend.
First, juvenile delinquency status
(1) the nature of the crime, the most prominent crime of theft. [1] Many young people seeking to eat, drink, play, music and other material enjoyment, it wants to reaping without sowing, from the thieves, small loss to theft crime, followed by the snatch, robbery, creating the large number of troublemakers, and other crimes; again, , Is to imitate the masters of film and television in the crime means that the hero, unscrupulous, regardless of the consequences Huidao crime, which committed intentional homicide, intentional injury or death to people, such as serious crimes.
(2), from forms of crime, two or more increase in the number of common crime. As some young people dropping out of school prematurely, do nothing, Langji street, it three, five groups, to help pull partnership, often gathered together smoking Distr
Liquor to make trouble and to exchange experience in crime. Some imitate video film of the triad organizations, the establishment of gangs or groups of
In the attention that the juvenile was some yellow, pornographic audio-video products and poisons and unable to extricate themselves, in order to find fine
God stimulation, and armed with knives, armed violence against girls interception.
(C) from criminal means, the means of cruel crime, crime serious consequences. A city juvenile homicide, the boy watched watches murder, killing one person need to calculate how long, is also preparing to kill after kill End second person. Some means of juvenile crime has reached intelligent, mature.
Before the carefully planned crime, repeatedly Caidian, select the opportunity to prepare tools for committing crimes; crime, a clear division of labour, with the attention of others will have use of surveillance means some people commit a crime of a few, but circumstances are relatively serious.
(D) from the crime age, the gradual trend younger age. Subject to criminal penalties in the minors are full 14-year-old under the age of 16 the number gradually increased, but not because of dissatisfaction with 16 years of age and criminal penalties under the age of 14 is not criminally responsible if the number of people also account for a considerable proportion. Some teenagers from 10-13 years of age began to embark on the path of crime.
(5) the identity of crime, most of the number of teenagers dropping out of school.
Second, the reasons for juvenile delinquency
(A) social realities and the ugly phenomenon of young people from time to time, the corrosion of pure souls.
Young people can not be separated from the colorful life and full of all sorts of temptations Taiqianshijie. Today's society it is inevitable residual traces of the old society, in some dark corner of the emergence and spread a number of reform and opening up, economic development and the building of spiritual civilization is not proportionate and ugly phenomena. [2] First, to the many university graduates can not find a job, a serious impact on young people's interest in school, have Yanxue emotional, often truancy, employment difficulties, some young people do nothing day, the course of time on Xiedao the second is Television, the Internet dissemination of health, violence, obscenity and other ugly things Third, the reform of the social divides between rich and poor, all the money, and so do not look at the normal concept of the impact of four is the community theft, robbery, Huang gambling, assault, pornography Criminal cases, such as the nurture. If this year with the kidnapping case. Criminal suspects Lin Zhen-hong, Jiang Jiang saw wood in the Hong Kong chapter, "Chachinantao", by the impact of Cheung Tze-keung, will be in real life imitating Cheung Tze-keung practices of kidnapping, abduction of a Zhangping Wu's father-in-law of private property owners in an attempt to extort 600,000 huge sum of money.
(B) not the right family education to the children of the difficult treatment of personality disorder.
The family is the first class young people, parents are the first teachers, the proper family education to the healthy growth of young people is extremely important. Not the right ... in the formation of young people's psychological personality disorder, not a correct outlook on life. Plays a subtle influence on behavior in the role.
First, parents do not and, make divorce, often quarrel, even abusive language mouth and chaos at home Shuaidong Xi, the psychological harm caused to young people; Second, the poor families, usually very little pocket money to children, young people caused Qutou, and looting; 3 Is the parent education method is simple and crude, the children's fault, academic performance is not satisfactory, is not playing scolded, do not respect the child's personality, in which under high pressure, the child's psychological abnormalities; four parents disorderly conduct, not engaged in decent work , Often alcohol, gambling, which has seriously affected children the world the formation of a doting children, as one child for Zhangshangmingzhu, to meet the physical, neglect of the ideological and moral education, Jiaoshengguanyang, with the passage of time, encourage the children Selfishness and luxury; six parents did not fulfill the statutory obligations of guardianship, do not care about their children, is allowed to develop unchecked, critics say. Young people in this unhealthy home environment ears Wenru witnessed, over time, so that they loneliness, of inferiority, resentment, arrogant, easily be used by bad guys, easy to embark on the path of crime.
(C) the lack of schools for pupils of a comprehensive development of the good environment.
First, the quality of education has been implemented for many years, but many schools also keen on the exam-oriented education, the rate of one-sided pursuit of education, neglect of moral education, for some basic social common sense, reason and life norms of social ethics education insufficient and the other is the lack of legal education Few of the students on the Fazhi Ke, to the legal system such as Blackboard to popularizing education in three specific lack of education with practice, beyond the stage of blindly, ignoring the characteristics of young people grow up and accept the capacity of Man Tangguan so that students have emotional Yanxue And even some of truancy; Fourth, some teachers岐视backward hygiene, at every turn on the so-called criticisms, even personality is an insult, greatly hurt the hearts of the young students, affected the physical and mental health; Fifth, the impact of the market economy, Some schools have to pay the weekend makeup makeup fees, not to participate in makeup, considered inferior, a pessimistic, forming abnormal psychology; six schools is the lack of contact with parents, communication, the students did not grasp the psychological, emotional changes, the students can not be timely The negative symptoms of the problem inhibited 7 class teacher is the lack of Benban students understand and care about the students in the absence of a comprehensive master; eight teachers is the lack of scientific methods of education, to take some of corporal punishment in disguise, causing some students leave school, dropping out of school, Even stray community. Students in such an environment in the study, most on Xielu.
(D) of young people's own physiological and psychological characteristics of life easier on the wrong track.
Young people in physical and psychological growth and development stages of the criminal mind has its unique characteristics. [3] the crime of young people from the psychological characteristics of view, there are several common crime psychological characteristics:
1, on the characteristics of cognitive
Crime awareness of the characteristics of young people, and in their unique outlook on life, ethics, law and order concept, and other aspects. Young people is the core of the two pillars of the spirit and concept of the three. Three misconception is: flee to dominate the concept of the hero, anarchy and the freedom of low-level view of life. With anti-social tendencies of life of young people will lack the correct political beliefs and lofty ideals. Loss of the socialist youth from the ignorance of the development of the socialist opposition and dissatisfaction, and some do not seem to have thought antisocial, but there is a subconscious, and society "Duizhao Gan," the ingredients.
Young people have serious moral flaw, or that the moral of the exploiting class vicious development, they did not think of the interests of the whole society. The vast majority of young people have a weak legal concept, or is a blank. They advocated freedom of extreme personality, personal desires without any social constraints and enforcement of the brave, heroic and flee, recklessness confused. In addition, youth crime, there is a return to self-thus prove their behavior is reasonable, that is, their various criminal acts have a legitimate reason.
2, emotional characteristics
The emotional experience of junior and vulgar. Their feelings, and their uncontrolled eating, drinking, playing music, such as the desire to meet or linked to, this was their pleasure, unrestrained desire to further increase production. The emotional impulse and instability. Some young people in the criminal act is the emotional impulse to the circumstances. There is a strong emotional impulse, blast rainstorm as the feelings of experience, on the psychology of that passion, as a result of illegal crime of passion that crimes of passion. As the community to take their hostile attitude, as inferiority complex and feel that people around them all the time reprimanded themselves, particularly their psychological sensitivity, passion is very conspicuous, that is easy to have a passion and difficult to self-control, which lead to crime, thus the Illegal and criminal activities often with sporadic, sexual brutality.
Feelings of loneliness and paranoia. Young offenders have a sense of loneliness, feel that they are unwanted in society, whether as a result of crime and experience, isolation, loneliness or because of the crime, they do strongly aware of their society, as close neighbors with Bai Yan.本回答被网友采纳