用英文介绍19世纪英国小说概况，很急，谢谢！

Question

从小说产生背景，发展，小说的多样性等发面介绍并举出一些代表作品。分太少对不住了，以后有了积分会追加的，帮帮忙吧！各位高手

Answer 1

小说在19世纪40至50年代得到更大的发展，这也是英国国内阶级斗争激化的时期。列宁称为“世界上第一次广泛的、真正群众性的、政治性的无产阶级运动即宪章运\动”带来了宪章派文学。同时科学技术在加快发展，达尔文的划时代的进化论给了传统信仰以猛烈冲击。在宗教界内部，出现了围绕“牛津运动”的论争。在政界和舆论界，围绕谷物法和“英国现状”问题展开了时间更长的论争。论争锻炼了散文。正是在这个多事之秋，散文文学成果累累，卡莱尔的《法国革命》(1837)和《过去和现在》(1843)、麦考莱的《英国史》(1849～1861) 、罗斯金的《威尼斯之石》(1851～1853)、穆勒的《论自由》(1859)等便是明证。读者层也在急剧扩大；不少新刊物问世，开始了逐期连载长篇作品的作法。

这样的环境和气氛使小说作者更加关心社会上的重大问题。狄更斯最初用幽默风趣的笔触写了《匹克威克外传》(1837)，使人们感染到他的乐观主义；而不过两年，他就在《奥列佛‧特维斯特》(1838)里写孤儿的苦难和伦敦贼窟的黑暗；进入40年代，他又写了一系列小说揭发崇拜金钱的罪恶后果，其中《董贝父子》(1848)尤为深刻；《大卫‧科波菲尔》(1850)是一部充满人世沧桑之感的成熟作品；接著而来的《荒凉山庄》(1853)、《艰难时世》(1854)与《小杜丽》(1857)则更见阴郁；《双城记》(1859)强烈地谴责了法国贵族的残酷，也表达了作者对于人民采取暴烈行动的戒惧；60年代的《远大前程》(1861)写的是前程渺茫，而《我们共同的朋友》(1865)则用巨大的垃圾堆来作英国社会的象征。象征手法的更多使用和对于小说结构的注意是他后期小说的特点，表示了他在小说艺术上的发展；然而他最吸引读者的依然是他一贯保持的优点，即真实的细节与诗意的气氛的结合，幽默、风趣与悲剧性的基本人生处境的结合，具体情节与深远的社会意义的结合。这些结合，加上他对于语言的莎士比亚式的运用，使狄更斯的小说不仅内容丰富、深刻，而且以其艺术上的创新对欧洲现实主义小说的发展作出了独特贡献。

同样关心社会问题但在范围与写法上不同于狄更斯的还有一大批别的作家。萨克雷的《名利场》(1847～1848)是另一部有长远吸引力的巨著，用文雅的笔法讽刺了上层社会的贪婪和欺诈，而他的《亨利‧埃斯蒙德》(1852)则发扬了英国历史小说的优良传统。1847至1848年间是英国小说的“奇迹年”：除了狄更斯的《董贝父子》和萨克雷的《名利场》外，还出版了夏洛蒂‧勃朗特的《简‧爱》，埃米莉‧勃朗特的《呼啸山庄》，盖斯凯尔夫人的《玛丽‧巴顿》。更多女作家的出现是一个值得注意的现象，而她们各有特长：盖斯凯尔夫人用同情的笔调写工人斗争；勃朗特姊妹一个把倔强、有个性的家庭女教师放在小说的中心，让她对有钱的小姐们发出抗议的声音；另一个则用炽热的情感写爱与恨的故事，以荒凉的约克郡的野地为背景，情节中充满40年代特有的严厉性。稍后，另一个女作家乔治‧艾略特写了一系列剖析伦理问题的小说，其中充满田野景色的《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》(1860)是一动人的悲剧，而她的晚年作品《米德尔马奇》(1871～1872)则又以缺乏爱情的痛苦的婚姻生活为中心，细致、深入地描写了一整个小市镇的形形色色的人物。此外，这一时期里还有迪斯雷利写贫富对立的两个英国的社会小说，里德和金斯利写为社会改革服务的揭露小说，特罗洛普写小镇故事和以内阁和议会为中心的政治小说，科林斯写对狄更斯也产生了影响的侦探小说，都留下了出色作品。

进入19世纪的后30年，英国小说依然活力不衰，题材范围继续扩大。梅瑞狄斯的《利己主义者》(1879)细致地分析了英国绅士在婚姻问题上的虚妄的自信，而他的《维托利亚》(1867)和《克劳斯威的黛安娜》(1885)又描绘了一类参与政治斗争的新女性；劳瑟福德在《皮市巷的革命》(1887)里写相信“异议派”教义的手工业者，勃特勒在《众生之路》(1903)里写维多利亚时期中产阶级的冰冷无爱的家庭生活，威廉‧莫里斯在《梦见约翰‧保尔》(1888)里怀念举行1381年起义的壮士，又在《乌有乡消息》(1891)里描绘他心目中的共产主义社会。吉卜林写英国殖民者在印度的活动的小说和威尔斯的科学幻想小说也是19世纪末年的产物。小说的艺术性也有新发展：梅瑞狄斯的文采，勃特勒的犀利，莫里斯的用古朴以求新鲜，吉卜林的活泼和嘲讽，都使英国小说更加丰富多彩。更向前看则十分讲究小说艺术的美国人亨利‧詹姆斯和波兰人康拉德已在向英国文坛叩门。然而这一时期的大小说家则是诗人哈代。他集中写多塞特郡的农村人物，他们生活简朴而感情强烈，小说的主人公们都受命运的捉弄，他们灵魂的善良、纯洁更加反衬出“不朽者之主管”的冷漠和残酷。哈代的一系列使人喜爱又深思的小说，如《远离尘嚣》(1874)、《还乡》(1878)、《卡斯特桥市长》(1886)、《德伯家的苔丝》(1891)、《无名的裘德》(1896)，是19世纪英国小说的最后的一批优秀成果，它们成功地使农村的土壤气息、诗样的温情和严峻的宇宙观相结合。

Novels in the 19th century 40-50 in the greater development, which is the UK during the intensification of class struggle. Lenin referred to as "the world's first truly 、 broad masses of the proletariat 、 political movement that is shipped Charter \ dynamic" has brought the Charter Literature. At the same time accelerate the development of science and technology in Darwin's landmark theory of evolution to the traditional beliefs to fierce impact. The religious house, there on the "Oxford Movement," the controversy. In political circles and public opinion around the Corn Laws and the "British status" issues of the debate about longer time. Debate tempered the prose. In this troubled times, the results of numerous literary essays, Carlisle's "French Revolution" (1837) and "past and present" (1843) 、 Macaulay's "History of the United Kingdom" (1849 ~ 1861) 、 Ruskin's "Venice Stones "(1851 ~ 1853) 、 Muller's" On Liberty "(1859) is proof. Readers are also rapidly-expanding number of new publications come out, began a series of lengthy case-by-phase approach works.
Such an environment and atmosphere so that the author's more concerned on the major issues. Dickens was first used humor amusing strokes wrote "The Pickwick Papers" (1837), so that people with his optimism, and two years, however, he "Austrian ‧ Teweisite out the Buddha" (1838), Write to the suffering of orphans and London thief in the dark caves; into the 1940s, he wrote a series of novels expose the evil consequences of worship of money, "Dombey and Son" (1848) is particularly profound, "David ‧ Kebofeier" (1850) is a world filled with a sense of the vicissitudes of the mature works; Then came the "Bleak House" (1853) 、 "Hard Times" (1854) and "Little Dorrit" (1857) even see Yin Yu; "Twins Hutchison "(1859) strongly condemns the brutal and the French aristocracy, also expressed the author for the people to take violent action Jieju; 1960s, the" Great Expectations "(1861) is about prospects uncertain, but" our mutual friends "( 1865) with huge garbage dump to make a symbol of British society. Symbolism and the greater use of the structure of the novel is his attention to the characteristics of the late novels, novels that his artistic development; However, he remains the most to attract readers is that he has always maintained the advantage, that is the real details and poetic Atmosphere, the combination of humor 、 humorous and tragic situation of the basic life, the combination of specific circumstances and far-reaching social significance of the combination. These combined, he added the language of Shakespeare on the use of the Dickens novel not only rich in content 、 profound, and its artistic innovations of the European realism, the novel has made unique contribution.
But in the same care issues with the wording different from that of Charles Dickens were a large number of other writers. Sake Lei's "Vanity Fair" (1847 ~ 1848) is another long-term attractiveness of the masterpiece, using the technique refined irony of the upper class of greed and fraud, while his "Henry ‧ Aisimengde" (1852) Britain will carry forward the fine tradition of historical novels. 1847-1848 between Britain's "miracle year": In addition to Dickens's "Dombey and Son" and Sake Lei's "Vanity Fair", also published ‧ Charlotte Bronte's "Jane ‧ love," Amy Li ‧ Bronte's "Wuthering Heights", Mrs. Gaskell's "Mary ‧ Button." The emergence of more female writer is a noteworthy phenomenon, and their respective strong points: Mrs. Gaskell sympathy with the workers writing style struggle of the Bronte sisters of a stubborn 、 personality of a family on the novel of female teachers Centre for her money sent to Miss the voices of protest and another for using intense feelings of love and hate to write the story, desolate Yorkshire to the wild as the background, with 40 cases in the severity of the unique. Later, another writer ‧ George Eliot wrote a series of novel analysis of ethical issues, including full field of view, "Fu Luosi the mill on the River" (1860) is a touching tragedy, and she works in their twilight years, "Mideerma Qi "(1871 ~ 1872) is again the lack of love of the suffering of married life as the center, in-depth and meticulous 、 about a small town throughout the various figures. In addition, this period is also available in the confrontation between the rich and the poor Disraeli wrote two novels British society, Kingsley wrote Reid and services for social reform to expose the novels, stories and the town Teluoluopu write to the Cabinet And the Parliament as the center of political novels, Collins wrote to Charles Dickens also had an impact on the detective novels, has left the excellent work.
Into the 19th century after 30 years, the United Kingdom's vitality is still not bad, Ticaifanwei continue to expand. Meiruidisi "egoist" (1879) and meticulous analysis of the British gentleman on the issue of marriage in the false confidence, and his "Weituoliya" (1867) and "Kelaosiwei Diana" (1885) also describe a class of participation in the political struggle against the new women; Laosefude "Paper City alley revolution" (1887), wrote that "objection to sending the" doctrine of the handicraft industry, Bo Tele in "all creatures of the Road "(1903), wrote the Victorian middle class cold without love of family life, William Morris ‧" dreamed ‧ John Paul "(1888) held in 1381 in memory of heroes of the intifada," a rural Ukrainian news " (1891), he painted the eyes of the communist society. Kipling wrote the British colonialists in India, the activities of the Prince of science fiction and fantasy novels, is also a product of the 19th century. The novel also has a new artistic development: the Meiruidisi Wen-Cai, Bo Tele the sharp, Morris's simple to use fresh, lively and ridicule of Kipling, the British novel more colorful. More forward-looking arts fiction is very particular about the Americans ‧ Henry James and the Poles in the Conrad knock to the British literary scene. However, this period is the great novelist, poet Thomas Hardy. He wrote on Dorset's rural people, their lives simple and strong feelings, the novel's main character are all subject to the fate of Zhuonong, they purify the soul of good 、 more contrasting the "immortal who is in charge of" indifference and cruelty. Hardy's favorite and make a series of thought-provoking novels such as "weekend getaway" (1874) 、 "Return" (1878) 、 "The Mayor of Casterbridge" (1886) 、 "Tess of the Tess" (1891) 、 "Jude the Obscure" (1896), 19th century British novel is the last of a number of outstanding results, they succeeded in the soil of rural atmosphere 、 poetry kind of warmth and a rigorous integration of the universe.

Answer 2

　　British novels in the 19th century, especially in the 40-50 years a great development, which is the UK during the intensification of class struggle. Lenin referred to as "the world's first truly 、 broad masses of the proletariat 、 political movement that is shipped Charter \ dynamic" has brought the Charter Literature. At the same time accelerate the development of science and technology in Darwin's landmark theory of evolution to the traditional beliefs to fierce impact. The religious house, there on the "Oxford Movement," the controversy. In political circles and public opinion around the Corn Laws and the "British status" issues of the debate about longer time. Debate tempered the prose. In this troubled times, the results of numerous literary essays, Carlisle's "French Revolution" (1837) and "past and present" (1843) 、 Macaulay's "History of the United Kingdom" (1849 ~ 1861) 、 Ruskin's "Venice Stones "(1851 ~ 1853) 、 Muller's" On Liberty "(1859) is proof. Readers are also rapidly-expanding number of new publications come out, began a series of lengthy case-by-phase approach works.

　　Such an environment and atmosphere so that the author's more concerned on the major issues. Dickens was first used humor amusing strokes wrote "The Pickwick Papers" (1837), so that people with his optimism, and two years, however, he "Austrian out the Buddha» Teweisite "(1838), Write to the suffering of orphans and London thief in the dark caves; into the 1940s, he wrote a series of novels expose the evil consequences of worship of money, "Dombey and Son" (1848) is particularly profound, "David» Kebofeier " (1850) is a world filled with a sense of the vicissitudes of the mature works; Then came the "Bleak House" (1853) 、 "Hard Times" (1854) and "Little Dorrit" (1857) even see Yin Yu; "Twins Hutchison "(1859) strongly condemns the brutal and the French aristocracy, also expressed the author for the people to take violent action Jieju; 1960s, the" Great Expectations "(1861) is about prospects uncertain, but" our mutual friends "( 1865) with huge garbage dump to make a symbol of British society. Symbolism and the greater use of the structure of the novel is his attention to the characteristics of the late novels, novels that his artistic development; However, he remains the most to attract readers is that he has always maintained the advantage, that is the real details and poetic Atmosphere, the combination of humor 、 humorous and tragic situation of the basic life, the combination of specific circumstances and far-reaching social significance of the combination. These combined, he added the language of Shakespeare on the use of the Dickens novel not only rich in content 、 profound, and its artistic innovations of the European realism, the novel has made unique contribution.

　　But in the same care issues with the wording different from that of Charles Dickens were a large number of other writers. Sake Lei's "Vanity Fair" (1847 ~ 1848) is another long-term attractiveness of the masterpiece, using the technique refined irony of the upper class of greed and fraud, while his "Henry» Aisimengde "(1852) Britain will carry forward the fine tradition of historical novels. 1847-1848 between Britain's "miracle year": In addition to Dickens's "Dombey and Son" and Sake Lei's "Vanity Fair", also published Charlotte »Bronte's" Jane »Love", Amy Li »Bronte's" Wuthering Heights ", Mrs. Gaskell's" Mary »Button." The emergence of more female writer is a noteworthy phenomenon, and their respective strong points: Mrs. Gaskell sympathy with the workers writing style struggle of the Bronte sisters of a stubborn 、 personality of a family on the novel of female teachers Centre for her money sent to Miss the voices of protest and another for using intense feelings of love and hate to write the story, desolate Yorkshire to the wild as the background, with 40 cases in the severity of the unique. Later, another writer George »Eliot wrote a series of novel analysis of ethical issues, including full field of view," Fu Luosi the mill on the River "(1860) is a touching tragedy, and she works in their twilight years," Mideerma Qi "(1871 ~ 1872) is again the lack of love of the suffering of married life as the center, in-depth and meticulous 、 about a small town throughout the various figures. In addition, this period is also available in the confrontation between the rich and the poor Disraeli wrote two novels British society, Kingsley wrote Reid and services for social reform to expose the novels, stories and the town Teluoluopu write to the Cabinet And the Parliament as the center of political novels, Collins wrote to Charles Dickens also had an impact on the detective novels, has left the excellent work.

　　Into the 19th century after 30 years, the United Kingdom's vitality is still not bad, Ticaifanwei continue to expand. Meiruidisi "egoist" (1879) and meticulous analysis of the British gentleman on the issue of marriage in the false confidence, and his "Weituoliya" (1867) and "Kelaosiwei Diana" (1885) also describe a class of participation in the political struggle against the new women; Laosefude "Paper City alley revolution" (1887), wrote that "objection to sending the" doctrine of the handicraft industry, Bo Tele in "all creatures of the Road "(1903), wrote the Victorian middle class cold without love of family life, William» Morris in the "dream John» Paul "(1888) held in 1381 in memory of heroes of the intifada," a rural Ukrainian news " (1891), he painted the eyes of the communist society. Kipling wrote the British colonialists in India, the activities of the Prince of science fiction and fantasy novels, is also a product of the 19th century. The novel also has a new artistic development: the Meiruidisi Wen-Cai, Bo Tele the sharp, Morris's simple to use fresh, lively and ridicule of Kipling, the British novel more colorful. More forward-looking arts fiction is very particular about the Americans Henry »James Conrad and the Poles in the knock to the British literary scene. However, this period is the great novelist, poet Thomas Hardy. He wrote on Dorset's rural people, their lives simple and strong feelings, the novel's main character are all subject to the fate of Zhuonong, they purify the soul of good 、 more contrasting the "immortal who is in charge of" indifference and cruelty. Hardy's favorite and make a series of thought-provoking novels such as "weekend getaway" (1874) 、 "Return" (1878) 、 "The Mayor of Casterbridge" (1886) 、 "Tess of the Tess" (1891) 、 "Jude the Obscure" (1896), 19th century British novel is the last of a number of outstanding results, they succeeded in the soil of rural atmosphere 、 poetry kind of warmth and a rigorous integration of the universe.

　　Overall, many writers of the 19th century British novel joint efforts boarding to a new Fengdian. It is the reality of the deepening of its more artistic essence, it is typical of the United Kingdom, and the literary world has cast its far-reaching implications.本回答被提问者采纳

Answer 3

参考《英美文学概况》。楼上列出的很详细，只要你能罗列出19世纪的主要作家、代表作、作品大致内容、思想体现以及社会背景对作家写作风格的影响等关键要素就可以了~