请告诉我中国春节的资料(习俗),中英文版滴,谢谢!

Question

如题所述

Answer 1

我国春节，一般是从祭灶揭开序幕的。民谣中"二十三，糖瓜粘"指的即是每年腊月二十三或二十四日的祭灶，有所谓"官三民四船家五"的说法，也就是官府在腊月二十三日，一般民家在二十四日，水上人家则为二十五日举行祭灶。
祭灶，是一项在我国民间影响很大、流传极广的习俗。旧时，差不多家家灶间都设有"灶王爷"神位。人们称这尊神为"司命菩萨"或"灶君司命"，传说他是玉皇大帝封的"九天东厨司命灶王府君"，负责管理各家的灶火，被作为一家的保护神而受到崇拜。灶王龛大都设在灶房的北面或东面，中间供上灶王爷的神像。没有灶王龛的人家，也有将神像直接贴在墙上的。有的神像只画灶王爷一人，有的则有男女两人，女神被称为"灶王奶奶"。这大概是模仿人间夫妇的形象。灶王爷像上大都还印有这一年的日历，上书"东厨司命主"、"人间监察神"、"一家之主"等文字，以表明灶神的地位。两旁贴上"上天言好事，下界保平安"的对联，以保佑全家老小的平安。
灶王爷自上一年的除夕以来就一直留在家中，以保护和监察一家；到了腊月二十三日灶王爷便要上天，去向天上的玉皇大帝汇报这一家人的善行或恶行，送灶神的仪式称为"送灶"或"辞灶"。玉皇大帝根据灶王爷的汇报，再将这一家在新的一年中应该得到的吉凶祸福的命运交于灶王爷之手。因此，对一家人来说，灶王爷的汇报实在具有重大利害关系。
送灶，多在黄昏入夜之时举行。一家人先到灶房，摆上桌子，向设在灶壁神龛中的灶王爷敬香，并供上用饴糖和面做成的糖瓜等。然后将竹篾扎成的纸马和喂牲口的草料。用饴糖供奉灶王爷，是让他老人家甜甜嘴。有的地方，还将糖涂在灶王爷嘴的四周，边涂边说："好话多说，不好话别说。"这是用糖塞住灶王爷的嘴，让他别说坏话。在唐代著作《辇下岁时记》中，间有"以酒糟涂于灶上使司命(灶王爷)醉酒"的记载。人们用糖涂完灶王爷的嘴后，便将神像揭下，和纸与烟一起上天了。有的地方则是晚上在院子里堆上芝麻秸和松树枝，再将供了一年的灶君像请出神龛，连同纸马和草料，点火焚烧。院子被火照得通明，此时一家人围着火叩头，边烧边祷告： 今年又到二十三， 敬送灶君上西天。 有壮马，有草料， 一路顺风平安到。 供的糖瓜甜又甜， 请对玉皇进好言。
送灶君时，有的地方尚有乞丐数名，乔装打扮，挨家唱送灶君歌，跳送灶君舞，名为"送灶神"，以此换取食物。
送灶习俗在我国南北各地极为普遍，鲁迅先生曾写有《庚子送灶即事》诗： 只鸡胶牙糖，典衣供瓣香。 家中无长物，岂独少黄羊。
他在《送灶日漫笔》一文中说："灶君上天的那日，街上还卖着一种糖，有柑子那么大小，在我们那里也有这东西，然而扁的，像一个厚厚的小烙饼。那就是所谓'胶牙饧'了。本意是在请灶君吃了，粘住他的牙，使他不能调嘴学舌，对玉帝说坏话。"鲁迅诗中提到"黄羊"的典故，出于《后汉书·阴识传》："宣帝时，阴子方者至孝有仁恩。腊日晨炊，而灶神形见，子方再拜受庆；家有黄羊，因以祀之。自是巳后，暴至巨富。至识三世，而遂繁昌，故后常以腊日祀灶而荐黄羊焉。"阴子方看见灶神，杀黄羊祭祀，后来交了好运。从此，杀黄羊祭灶的风俗就流传下来了。
唐宋时祭灶的供品是相当丰富的。宋代诗人范成大的《祭灶词》对当时民间祭灶作了极其生动的描写： 古传腊月二十四，灶君朝天欲言事。 云车风马小留连，家有杯盘丰典祀。 猪头烂熟双鱼鲜，豆沙甘松米饵圆。 男儿酌献女儿避，酹酒烧钱灶君喜。 婢子斗争君莫闻，猫犬触秽君莫嗔。 送君醉饱登天门，勺长勺短勿复云， 乞取利市归来分。
腊月二十三日的祭灶与过年有着密切的关系。因为，在一周后的大年三十晚上，灶王爷便带着一家人应该得到的吉凶祸福，与其他诸神一同来到人间。灶王爷被认为是为天上诸神引路的。 其他诸神在过完年后再度上天，只有灶王爷会长久地留在人家的厨房内。迎接诸神的仪式称为"接神"，对灶王爷来说叫做"接灶"。接灶一般在除夕，仪式要简单得多，到时只要换上新灶灯，在灶龛前燃香就算完事了。
俗语有"男不拜月，女不祭灶"的说法 。有的地方，女人是不祭灶的，据说，灶王爷长得像个小白脸，怕女的祭灶，有"男女之嫌"。对于灶王爷的来历，说起来源远流长。在中国的民间诸神中，灶神的资格算是很老的。早在夏代，他已经是民间所尊奉的一位大神了。据古籍《礼记·礼器》孔颖达疏："颛顼氏有子日黎，为祝融，祀为灶神。"《庄子.达生》记载："灶有髻。"司马彪注释说："髻，灶神，着赤衣，状如美女。"《抱朴子.微旨》中又记载："月晦之夜，灶神亦上天白人罪状。"这些记载，大概是祭灶神的来源吧。还有，或说灶神是钻木取火的"燧人氏"；或说是神农氏的"火官"；或说是"黄帝作灶"的"苏吉利"；或说灶神姓张，名单，字子郭；众说不一。民间则流传着一个颇为有趣的故事。
据说，古代有一户姓张的人家，兄弟俩，哥是泥水匠，弟弟是画师。哥哥拿手的活是盘锅台，东街请，西坊邀，都夸奖他垒灶手艺高。年长月久出了名，方圆千里都尊称他为"张灶王"。说来张灶王也怪，不管到谁家垒灶，如遇别人家有纠纷，他爱管闲事。遇上吵闹的媳妇他要劝，遇上凶婆婆他也要说，好像是个老长辈。以后，左邻右舍有了事都要找他，大家都很尊敬他。张灶王整整活了七十岁，寿终正寝时正好是腊月二十三日深夜。张灶王一去世，张家可乱了套，原来张灶王是一家之主，家里事都听他吩咐，现在大哥离开人间，弟弟只会诗书绘画，虽已花甲，但从未管过家务。几房儿媳妇都吵着要分家，画师被搅得无可奈何，整日愁眉苦脸。有天，他终于想出个好点子。就在腊月二十三日张灶王亡故一周年的祭日，深夜，画师忽然呼叫着把全家人喊醒，说是大哥显灵了。他将儿子媳妇全家老小引到厨房，只见黑漆漆的灶壁上，飘动着的烛光若隐若现显出张灶王和他已故的妻子的容貌，家人都惊呆了。画师说："我寝时梦见大哥和大嫂已成了仙，玉帝封他为'九天东厨司命灶王府君'。你们平素好吃懒做，妯娌不和，不敬不孝，闹得家神不安。大哥知道你们在闹分家，很气恼，准备上天禀告玉帝，年三十晚下界来惩罚你们。"儿女侄媳们听了这番话，惊恐不已，立即跪地连连磕头，忙取来张灶王平日爱吃的甜食供在灶上，恳求灶王爷饶恕。从此后，经常吵闹的叔伯兄弟和媳妇们再也不敢撒泼，全家平安相处，老少安宁度日。这事给街坊邻友知道后，一传十，十传百，都赶来张家打探虚实。其实，腊月二十三日夜灶壁上的灶王，是画师预先绘制的。他是假借大哥显灵来镇吓儿女侄媳，不料此法果真灵验。所以当乡邻来找画师探听情况时，他只得假戏真做，把画好的灶王像分送给邻舍。如些一来，沿乡流传，家家户户的灶房都贴上了灶王像。岁月流逝就形成了腊月二十三给灶王爷上供、祈求合家平安的习俗。祭灶风俗流传后，自周朝开始，皇宫也将它列入祭典，在全国立下祭灶的规矩，成为固定的仪式了。

Our country is to raise the curtain on from worshiping the kitchen god like the Spring Festival. Folk rhyme is hit by \" twenty three, that candy melon glues being that \" points to is the twelfth month of the lunar year every year twenty three or worshiping the kitchen god on 24th, have so-called \" government official four boatmen of San Min five \" statement, be just that the feudal official is in the twelfth month of the lunar year that the be in 24th , aquatic general people family household is held then for 25th on 23th, worshiping the kitchen god. Worship the kitchen god , be one to affect the convention very much, big , circulating to expand extremely among the people in our country. The kitchen all sets up the old times , the about the same every family having \" cooking stove His Royal Highness"spirit tablet. People says this honors god as \" department fate Bodhisattva \" or \" cooking stove monarch department fate \", legend he is that the Jade Emperor closes up"nine

Answer 2

The Chinese New Year is traditional festival that China is rich with most the special features.It symbolizes the lunar calendar for old year to end.
New year has already start.The people will take leave cold monotonous of winter, greet the organic full of life spring.
A" New Year's Day" of Chinese New Year, a 杜 set 卿 says in 《 five candle treasure 典s 》 :" In order to carry the month, January it is a dollar on first day, as well cloud just dynasty, as well a 朔 of cloud."" Dollar" of original meaning is" head", lead the 申 behind in order to" start", because is a year of first day this day, the first day of the spring, the first day of the January, so be called" three dollars";Because is still a year old this day toward, month toward, day toward, so call" three dynasties" again;Again it is the first day of 朔 , so call" a 朔 " again.Wu of Sung explains in 《 the dream beam record 》 from the herding:" The January 朔 day, the New Year's Day that call".《 Say the text solution word 》 medium to" 旦 " word of hermeneutic for" see from the day an up, a, ground also." Meant the sun to just rise from the horizon rising, is a matutinal meaning.Because it means a year of the first morning respectively, the first morning of the January, so call" New Year's Day" and" positive 旦 "s.
In addition to above-mentioned title, the Chinese New Year still call" open the year"," begin a new year"," year old of 芳 "," year old of 华 " etc., in many titles with call" New Year's Day" the most widespread, time is most long-last.
Because of the previous dynasties style dissimilarity, the season of the New Year's Day place is also different.The style of the Chinese ancient times is a yin and yang to match the 历 , need at the same time in consideration of the position of the sun and moon, past certain New Year's Day, need certain first it is in a certain season, then make selection with this season the close by month of 朔 is the New Year's Day.Because a years old proceeds together with 12 lunar calendar not equal, differ about 11 days, so separate 3 years to need to establish an intercalary month each time to adjust the season.The astronomer of the Chinese ancient once figures out a simple method to judge the preface of the month and the relation of the seasons, this is with the direction of the handle of 斗 of evening to settle the preface of month, calling it as that December set up.Rise to turn toward east from the north, divide the line ground as 12 directionses, the directions that the evening 斗 handle point, is the month that should be lunar to set up, it the son month, ugly month, month of 寅 do not be equal to 11,12, January.
China is an ancient and multiracial nation.The period and different races of different histories all have ever led own New Year's Day according to the own cultural tradition and the customs and habits assurance, then change for" positive 朔 ", correcting the beginning of the month an of time.The 颛顼帝 and Xia Dynasties take the 孟 spring January as the dollar, even using the summer 历 of set up the 寅 , with the beginning of January of lunar calendar an is New Year's Day;An usage of company 殷历 , the 殷历 set up ugly, with 12 beginning of the months of lunar calendar an is New Year's Day;A 历 of an usage, a 历 set up son, with 11 beginning of the months of lunar calendar an is New Year's Day;The Qin Dynasty uses QIN2 LI4, QIN2 LI4 JIAN4 亥 , with the lunar calendar beginning an is New Year's Day;The west 汉 expected to still use QIN2 LI4 before, the 汉武帝 the too early first year(104 years) changed to use to take charge of MA3 QIAN, 洛 the too early 历 that 闳 created to make, re- used the summer 历 of set up the 寅 again, with the beginning of January of lunar calendar an is New Year's Day.Will change to use to set up the ugly 殷历 once in addition to the clear 帝 of WANG2 MANG3 and Weis hereafter, Tang 武 is behind and the 肃 the hour changes to use to set up a 历 of the son outside, the previous dynasties all uses the 历 of the summer to Manchu Dynasty last years of the period.
The phrase " Chinese New Year", period in the different history, still is different especially point.Han dynasty, the people make 24 solar divisions sign the spring the first to call" Chinese New Year".The hour of the South and North Dynasty, the people call whole to" Chinese New Year" in spring.
After the hot 亥 revolution victory, the Nanking provisional government for the sake of" agreeable agriculture hour" and" easy to covariance", the provision uses the 历 of summer in the folks, practicing the Christian ear in government agency, factory mineral, school and groups, with Christian ear on January first for New Year's Day.But the ordinary people call the Christian ear that January first is" Gregorian calendar year", still making the lunar calendar January call" New Year's Day" the beginning of a day a.
On September 27 in 1949, the Chinese domestic affairs cures to negotiate the meeting first batch plenary session to pass to use in the world in general use Christian ear beginning of a reign, chase the Christian ear namely Gregorian calendar of January first settle for the New Year's Day, is a New Year's Day;Because the beginning of January of lunar calendar an usually all at sign the spring in front and back, as a result chase the beginning of January of lunar calendar certain is" Chinese New Year".
A New Year's Eve of Chinese New Year and the beginning of January a.But in the folks, the Chinese New Year of the traditional meaning mean from the beginning of the month of 腊 eight of fiesta of 腊 or month of 腊 23 of fiesta cooking stove, has been arrive the January 15, among them with New Year's Eve and the beginning of January an is high tide.
This traditional festival period, the Chinese of the our country and most national minoritieses all in Chinese New Year hold various activity so as to celebrate.These activity all with offer sacrifices to the absolute being 佛 , sacrifice the ancestry and drive out the old and bring in the new, face the 禧 to connect the blessing, imprecation for plentiful year is main contents.The activity enrich colorful, take to have the heavy race special features.
The concept of the Chinese New Year and year, at the beginning the growth period with idea come from agriculture, ancient times people pair of valley is called" year", 《 say the text.Department of 禾》 :" Year, the valley is familiar also:.Produced the 历 of summer in company's ages of summer, take a period for lack of moon as the month, a year divides the line to 12 months, monthly with disappear the moon that day for 朔 , the son hour of the January 朔 day is called the year old head, namely a year of beginning, also call year, the name of the year starts from the Zhou Dynasty of, just went to the west 汉 formal solid settle down, had been continue till today.But the beginning of January of ancient times" New Year's Day" on was be called, until after the Chinese modern hot 亥 revolution victory, the Nanking provisional government for adjusting the agriculture and easy to covariance, rule to use the 历 of summer in the folks, practice the Christian ear in government agency, factory mineral, school and groups, with Christian ear on January first for New Year's Day, the beginning of January of the lunar calendar is on calling the Chinese New Year.
On September 27 in 1949, new China establish, curing to negotiate the meeting first batch plenary session in the Chinese domestic affairs up, passed to use in the world in general use Christian ear beginning of a reign, January first that chases the Christian ear settles for the New Year's Day, being so called the Gregorian calendar year;The beginning of January of lunar calendar an usually all at sign the spring in front and back, as a result chase the lunar calendar at the beginning of January certainly for" Chinese New Year", be so called the lunar calendar year.
The Chinese New Year of the traditional meaning mean from the beginning of the month of 腊 eight of fiesta of 腊 or month of 腊 23 of fiesta cooking stove, has been arrive the January 15, among them with New Year's Eve and the beginning of January an is high tide.This traditional festival period, the Chinese of the our country and most national minoritieses all to hold various fete activity in Chinese New Year, these activities are mostly with offer sacrifices to the absolute being 佛 , sacrifice the ancestry and drive out the old and bring in the new, face the 禧 to connect the blessing, imprecation for plentiful year is main contents.The movable form enrich colorful, take to have the heavy race special features.

One of the legend of Chinese New Year:The year of the cook bring in the new year

Bringing in the new year, is the last one day in old year to does not go to bed at the mid-night, sit up to greet new custom of a year of arrival, also call New Year's Eve bring in the new year, a" cook year".Investigate the background of this custom, spread a story of interesting in the folks:

Too the ancient times period, there is a kind of fierce monster, spreading to reside in deep mountain woods, the people take care of they call" year".Its facial look is ferocious, the born nature is bloodthirsty, eating the birds and beasts, the fish and shellfish insect 豸 particularly, a day changes a kind of taste from kowtowing the insect to had been eat till to live the person greatly, letting the person talk that the color of" year" change.Afterwards, the people controled the movable regulation of" year" slowly, it separates 365 days to flee each time the place that crowd gathers to reside taste a fresh, and time that appear and disappear are all at get dark hereafter, wait until the chicken 鸣 day-break, they returned then to go to in the forest.

Allowed the date that" year" indulge in atrocities on the whole, the common people treat this terrible night as to close to come then very, call" year end", and figured out a the whole set to celebrate New Year's Eve the way of the pass:Each time to this evening, each per families work well the supper in advance, turn off the clean cooking stove, then chase a fastening with all stockade of chicken, the house hospital in front and back the doors all seal, hiding to eat" New Year's Eve dinner" in the house, because of this dinner have fierce 吉 don't 卜 of meaning, so buy very flourishing, in addition to wanting that the whole family the old and the young rounds together to have a meal to mean in peace and harmony and reunitedly, return the beard at have a meal to provide the worship of ancestors before and first first, the spirit of the imprecation ancestry protect, spending this night safe and sound, after eating the supper, who all dare not the sleeping, pushing to sit together to talk away to encourage.Became the habit of bring in the new year of year of the New Year's Eve cook gradually.

Bring in the new year the custom rise in the South and North Dynasty, beam toward of not a few scholars all have the poem text of the bringing in the new year." A night connects a year old, five even divide two years." The people order to rise the candle or oil lamps, keeping night watch all night, symbolizing to shine on the whole evil 瘟s disease epidemic disease to run to get rid of to walk, in hopes of new year, the good luck is satisfied.This kind of customs was spread by the people up to now.

Two of the legend of Chinese New Year:Ten thousand years establishes the style to say

It is rumored, at the ancient times, there is youth that nameds ten thousand years, see seasonal changes at that time very disorderly, thered will be to want to chase the seasonal changes settle precise of plan.But bitterness in can not find the method of the c本回答被网友采纳