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Question

在西方的诗歌中常常把玫瑰、夜莺或云雀等作为象征来表达一种内涵，而惠特曼却没有兴趣运用已经用滥了的传统意象或象征，也许受当时开始为读者接受的叶子意象的启发，他独独选中了普通的青草叶，用富于独特个性的洋洋洒洒的诗句，赋予其多重含义，传达他平凡、平等的理念，从而创造了一个新鲜的意象，一个为世界各国一代代读者乐于接受的意象。

如果从另外一个角度来思索，我们可以发现他的诗歌和他所借用的象征形式是很吻合的。平凡的小草也是对惠特曼微贱出身的一种写照。他勤奋好学，在青少年时期，通过阅读苏格兰小说家沃尔特•司各特的历史小说、英国空想社会主义者罗伯特•欧文、美国女社会改革家弗朗西斯•赖特、美国政论家资产阶级民族主义者托马斯•潘恩等人的政治论著，很早就开阔了政治视野，为他后来当报刊编辑以及办报打下了基础。在编报期间，他写了大量有关社会改革的政论文章和文学评论，成为激进的民主主义者。外表上，他似乎是一个不修边幅的老粗，不时发出! 粗野的呼喊! ，实际上，他已经是一个自觉的社会政治参与者，生活的积极干预者。另外，在1861 年爆发的南北战争期间，他在三年时间里，对医院、军营和战地进行了六百余次采访，接触了八至十万个伤病员。不难看出，他的这些无私奉献和他对草叶的理解是相一致的。草叶是渺小的，平凡的，有其独特的行为方式。因而，选择小草不仅是诗人个人经历的写照，也表现了他对普通人生活的关注。然而，他这种表意方式遭到了保守文人刻薄的嘲讽，甚至连爱默生也难逃此劫。例如，1860 年《波士顿邮报》的匿名文章《比斯威登堡更令人困惑》：“草是上帝为维护他的生灵们的健康而赐给他们的恩物，它的名字不应被用在这些有毒植物（自私、傲慢以及在可耻地蔓延得势的肉欲）的肮脏发臭的叶子上！。。。对此，我们所能得出的最为宽厚的结论是：惠特曼的《草叶集》和爱默生的赞美具有一个共同的根源，即暂时的神经错乱。”其辛辣程度可见一斑。不过，他并没有被击倒，反而从这个不起眼的小生灵中悟出了更深刻的思想：“ 这最小的幼芽显示世上其实并无死亡，即使有死亡，它导致了生命，不会等着最后把生命扼杀，生命一旦出现，死亡便随之结束”。

Answer 1

In West's poetry frequently the rose, the nightingale or the skylark and so on expresses as the symbol one kind of connotation, but Whitman actually does not have the interest utilization already used to overflow the traditional image or the symbol, perhaps received at that time started the leaf image inspiration which accepted for the reader, he has selected the ordinary blue leaves of grass only, with was rich in the unique individuality voluminous verse, entrusted with its multiple meaning, transmitted him ordinary, the equal idea, thus has created a new image, was glad to the image which for a various countries generation of reader accepted.if thinks deeply about from other angle, we may discover his poetry and he borrows the symbolic form is tallies very much. The ordinary grass is also to the Whitman lowly family background one kind of portrayal. He is diligent diligently, in the young people time, through reads the Scotland writer of fiction Walter Si Gete historical novel, the British fantasy socialist Robert Irving, American female society reformer Francis Wright, American political commentator bourgeoisie nationality person Tomas Paine et al. politics to discuss, very early widened the political field of vision, for him when afterward the publication edited as well as publishes a newspaper has built the foundation. Is arranging newspaper period, he has written the massive related social reform political comment article and the literature comments, becomes the radical democratic person. In the semblance, he as if is a sloven uneducated person, often sends out! Boorish shouting! , in fact, he already was an aware social politics participant, the life positive intervenor. Moreover, the Civil War period which erupts in 1861, he in three years, to the hospital, the military compound and the battlefield has carried on 600 interview, contacted eight to 100,000 patients. It is not difficult to see, his these selfless contributions and he to the leaves of grass the understanding is consistent. The leaves of grass is tiny, ordinary, has its unique behavior way. Therefore, the choice grass is not only the poet personal experience portrayal, also has displayed him the attention which lives to the average person. However, his this table Italy way has encountered the conservative writer's unkind taunt, even links Emerson also difficultly to run away this to plunder. For example, in 1860 "Boston Post" the anonymous article "the Beese Wittenberg Is more confusing": “the grass is God to maintain his lives' health to bestow their educational toy, its name should not use, in these poisonous plants (selfish, arrogant as well as are spreading ignominiously carnal desire which is in power) becomes stale dirtily on leaf! . . . Regarding this, we can obtain the most generous conclusion is: Whitman "Leaves of grass Collection" and Emerson praises has a common root, namely temporary insanity.”Its pungent degree can be inferred. However, he has not been struck down, instead became aware a more profound thought from this commonplace small life: “this smallest germ demonstrated that in the world actually and does not have the death, even if has the death, it has caused the life, will not wait to strangle finally the life, once the life will appear, death then along with it conclusion”.

Answer 2

Poetry in the West often roses, such as the nightingale or the lark to express a kind of symbolic meaning, but Whitman is not interested in the use of already abuse the use of traditional images or symbols, perhaps by the time the leaves start to the reader to accept images inspired, he selected only that ordinary grass leaves, with a rich distinctive characteristics eloquent verse, given its multiple meanings, conveying his extraordinary, the idea of equality, thus creating a fresh image, one for the countries in the world generations Readers willing to accept the image.

If you think from another perspective, we can find his poetry and his symbolic form of borrowing is very consistent. Whitman ordinary grass is also a reflection of humble origin. He was studious, in adolescence, by reading the Scottish novelist Walter Scott's historical novels • British utopian socialist Robert Owen • The United States Women social reformers Francis • Wright, U.S. political commentator bourgeois nationalist • Thomas Paine and others on the political, the political horizons open very early, as he was when newspaper editors and newspaper foundation. In preparing the report, he wrote a large number of political essays on social reform and literary criticism, a radical democrat. Appearance, he seems to be a raunchy Laocu, from time to time! Wild cry!, In fact, he has a conscious social and political actors, who live an active intervention. In addition, in 1861 during the Civil War broke out, he was three years, to the hospitals, military camps and field for six hundred interviews, contact 8-100000 wounded. Is not difficult to see that his dedication and the understanding of his grass is consistent. Leaves of Grass is insignificant, trivial, has its unique behavior. Therefore, choose the grass is not only a reflection of the poet's personal experience, but also the performance of his ordinary life concerns. However, he views this way the table was a bitter mockery of conservative writers, and even Ralph Waldo Emerson could not escape Katrina. For example, in 1860, "the Boston Post," the anonymous article "Bi Siwei Goldenberg more perplexing": "Grass is the God of his creatures to maintain their health and gave them the king of food, its name should not be used in these toxic plants (selfish, arrogant and shameful to spread the upper hand in the flesh) of the dirty stinking leaves!... this, we can draw the conclusion that the most generous: Whitman's " Leaves of Grass "and Emerson's praise with a common root, that is, temporary insanity." its spicy, is evident. However, he was not knocked down, but from this humble little creatures realize more profound in thought: "This is the world's smallest sprout shows there is actually no death, even death, it leads to life, not waiting for the final kill of life, life event of the death will come to an end. "

Answer 3

In western poetry often put the rose, or the lark and the nightingale as a symbol for one, but not interested in applying for whitman had worked to the traditional image or symbol, perhaps by then began to the reader accept the leaves of the images and he pitched on for the grass, with a unique character of the verses and gives it has many meanings, communicate his commonplace, a concept of equalAnd so creates a new imagery, one for the world from the images. readers are pleased to accept.

If from another angle, we can find his poems with his use of forms are very nicely. the grass to whitman humble origin of a portrait. he is eager to learn, was a teenager, by reading only the novelist walter scott historical novel, a british socialists robert owen, the united states, the social reformers francis wright, the nationalists thomas paine outdoorsman painted the bourgeoisie andPolitical classics impute, early open political vision for his later when the editor and newspapermen laid the foundation. in preparing financial period, he wrote a lot about social reform of the articles on politics and literature, as a democrat. appearance, he seems to be a slovenly old, and a wild shout!!, actually, he is a voluntary social and political parties, the positive interventions. in addition, in the civil war broke out in 1861 yearsPolitical classics impute, early open political vision for his later when the editor and newspapermen laid the foundation. in preparing financial period, he wrote a lot about social reform of the articles on politics and literature, as a democrat. appearance, he seems to be a slovenly old, and a wild shout!!, actually, he is a voluntary social and political parties, the positive interventions. in addition, in the civil war broke out in 1861 years Political classics impute, early open political vision for his later when the editor and newspapermen laid the foundation. in preparing financial period, he wrote a lot about social reform of the articles on politics and literature, as a democrat. appearance, he seems to be a slovenly old, and a wild shout!!, actually, he is a voluntary social and political parties, the positive interventions. in addition, in the civil war broke out in 1861 yearsHave a common fact that temporary insanity. "the force. however, how can he have not been knocked to the potty little creatures in chose more profound thought ：" the smallest the buds appear in the world is in fact, there is no death, even if a death, it resulted in life, will not wait for the last life, life and death when it began to end ".

Answer 4

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